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Sex dimorphism in the incidence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported. Here the authors show that, in males, androgen promotes regulatory T cell recruitment to impair γδ T cell antitumor immunity, implying that a Treg/S100a4/γδ T cell axis controls sex differences in hepatocarcinogenesis.

Here researchers reveal a microexon in the Ank3 gene encoding Ankyrin G allows cortical interneurons to fine-tune calcium signaling and firing, revealing the contribution of alternative splicing to the functional diversity among different types of neurons.

Excitons are important excitations in solids with potential applications in quantum and spintronic technologies. The authors achieve bidirectional control of exciton energy in a twodimensional antiferromagnetic semiconductor via interfacial spin-exciton coupling.

Soil-based compound dry-hot extremes represent a critical yet underappreciated driver of ecosystem stress. This study shows that their frequency and coverage area have increased markedly in China due to anthropogenic soil warming, which may pose growing adverse impacts on vegetation productivity.

Understanding the organic cation effect on CO electroreduction is crucial for developing efficient alkaline polyelectrolytes. Here, the authors elucidate how organic cations of varying sizes and hydrophilicity influence the electrocatalytic interface and product selectivity during CO reduction.

This study presents a two-step chemical reprogramming strategy that converts fibroblasts into functional retinal pigment epithelium cells, offering a safe and scalable alternative for vision restoration in retinal degenerative diseases.

Regulating innate immunity in lymph nodes is a major challenge for safe, effective cancer vaccines. Here, the authors present a sonosensitive polypeptide adjuvant vaccine to boost T cell responses via lymph node-specific targeting in mouse cancer models.

Here authors develop a focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy tomography strategy that enables accurate 3D reconstruction of organic foulant accumulation within ceramic ultrafiltration membrane pores.

Organohalides play roles in marine microbial ecology and biogeochemical cycles. Here, the authors analyse marine metagenomic datasets and construct a database of genes and microorganisms involved in microbial halogenation and dehalogenation of organic compounds in the oceans.

Converting phenol in wastewater into valuable chemicals through electrochemical hydrogenation offers a sustainable route for resource recovery but lacks efficient catalysts. Here, the authors report a hierarchical Ru⁰/Ru^δ+/Al₂O₃ catalyst to achieve selective conversion of phenol to cyclohexanol.

This study demonstrates that the influence range of moiré tuning can be significantly extended beyond the moiré superlattice to a distant conductor through inter-layer drag interaction, presenting a novel strategy for remote moiré engineering.

It is unclear how early-life urbanicity influences adult neurobehavioral traits. This study reveals that earlier menarche mediates the relationship between early-life urbanicity and adult neurobehavioral traits associated with mental disorders.

This study shows that C. elegans can sense stress in the endoplasmic reticulum and shut down digestion as a protective response. A food-induced protein, FDR-1, helps maintain ER balance and prevent overload during nutrient intake.

Flowcell type and basecaller configuration of nanopore sequencing are crucial for data analysis but are often missing in public datasets, hindering large-scale integrative analysis. Here, the authors present LongBow, which restores this information from FASTQ files.

The common ancestor of all living arthropods had biramous postantennal appendages, with an endopodite and exopodite branching off the limb base. This study uses microtomographic imaging of the Cambrian arthropod Leanchoilia to reveal a previously undetected exite at the base of most appendages, suggesting a deeper origin for exites in arthropod phylogeny.

A cross-ancestry GWAS meta-analyses of brainstem structures identify 713 associations. It reveals shared/distinct genetic architectures across ancestries/substructures and overlaps with neuropsychiatric disorders and physiological functions.

Extreme Sr–Nd depletion in 2.8-billion-year-old basalt fragments from the lunar farside South Pole–Aitken basin suggests an ultra-depleted mantle source resulting from lunar magma ocean crystallization and/or later impact-related melt extraction.

Effective models are needed to reduce animal testing. Here, the authors report on an in vitro skin microecology model using a hydrogel-based scaffold that supports stable microbiota growth, resembling natural skin communities, allowing the study of microbiome interactions, skin health, and metabolism.

Mechanoradicals are known to be sources of damage during polymer processing, and it remains challenging to stabilize, repair or utilize them. Recently, mechanoradicals formed during chain scission were intercepted directly by bis(butyl trithiocarbonate) in the solid state, redirecting the degradation pathways to repolymerization (repair) and complete depolymerization (recovery).

Solar-driven hydrogen evolution coupled with organic synthesis is important but challenging. Here, the authors report an in-situ oxygen impregnation strategy to build a ruthenium-based amorphous hybrid-mixture with abundant atomic interfaces and show efficient hydrogen evolution with small molecule oxidation.

Modulating the electronic structure of active metal sites is crucial to enhance the activity of anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Here, the authors elaborate Cr-doped amorphous metal oxide catalysts with excellent activity and stability.

China’s power system decarbonization may cause material constraints for gallium, terbium, germanium, tellurium, indium, uranium and copper. Adjusting sub-technology market shares of solar photovoltaic and wind power greatly affects such constraints.

The sluggish oxygen evolution reaction kinetics and intense catalyst degradation under acidic conditions limit the practical application of electrolyzers. Here, the authors construct 4f-orbital-modified RuO₂ catalysts with tunable Ru–O polarity that enhance catalytic activity and durability.

This paper determines the oxygen fugacity of the Chang’e-6 basalts from the South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin on the farside of the Moon. The results show that the mantle beneath the farside SPA basin is more reduced than that beneath the nearside, as determined by the Apollo and Chang’e-5 basalts.

Employing appropriate catalysts in room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries can significantly enhance performance. Here, authors utilize natural language processing techniques in conjunction with a binary descriptor to screen preferrable single-atom catalysts to achieve high specific capacity.

Spatiotemporally activating DC cells in lymph nodes (LN) for cancer vaccine therapy remains a challenge. Here the authors combine antigen loaded STING nanoadjuvants with LN-confined laser or ultrasound stimulation to activate DC cells, sequentially enhances antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell response and reduces tumor size.

The mechanisms underlying the invasiveness and aggressiveness of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs) remain poorly understood. Here, the authors perform single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to characterise the tumour microenvironment of PitNETs and identify potential therapeutic targets.

Copper-catalyzed asymmetric propargylic substitution of α-tertiary propargylic electrophiles using hydrazines and hydroxylamines can access multifunctional α-tertiary hydrazines or hydroxylamines. Here the authors use a sterically confined pyridinebisoxazolines to improve yields and enantioselectivity, supported by NMR analysis and theoretical calculations.

Real-time monitoring of the structural evolution of catalysts is essential for uncovering catalytic mechanisms and enhancing performance. Here, the authors report a time-resolved measurement that reveals the reconstruction of NiFe-based (oxy)hydroxides, facilitating highly active oxygen evolution.

Thermoanaerobacter kivui-drived CO₂ reductase (TkHDCR) requires hydrogen as substrate, which can lead to safety issue. Here, the authors engineered TkHDCR into an electro-responsive carbon dioxide reductase to harvest electrons from either an external mediator or a polarized electroactive surface.

Unlocking the potential of traditional nanomaterials like spinel oxides is crucial for improving the catalytic oxygen evolution reaction. Here, the authors report an inorganic–organic hybrid spinel oxide that enhances both catalytic activity and structural stability through a coordination method.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based nanocatalytic cancer therapy is hindered by insufficient substrates at the tumor site and potential side effects arising from metabolites. Here the authors report a violet phosphorus-based nanosystem that supplies catalysts and substrates for producing cytotoxic ROS and generates the degradation products that can promote tumor calcification.

High-entropy metal-organic frameworks offer significant potential as versatile materials, but existing examples are largely limited to low-valence elements in the fourth period, restricting their design and optimization for various applications. Here, a novel high-entropy, defect-rich, and small-sized UiO-66 framework has been synthesized to enhance catalytic transfer hydrogenation.

The overexpression of eight immunomodulatory transgenes in mouse embryonic stem cells allows these immunologically ‘cloaked’ cells as well as tissues derived from them to escape rejection and to survive for months in immunocompetent allogeneic recipients.

The optical response of inorganic two-dimensional semiconductors is dominated by Wannier-Mott excitons, but molecular systems can host localised Frenkel excitons. Here, the authors report strong optical response in a class of monolayer molecular J-aggregates due to the coherent Coulomb interaction between localised Frenkel excitons.

A toxin identified in Verticillium dahliae, VdTRP, damages cell membranes and causes rapid cell death. As defense, cotton uses chitinase-like 1, a cell wall protein, to keep VdTRP in the apoplastic space and reduce its toxicity to plant cells.

The lunar mantle may have remained reduced, according to the oxygen fugacity of 2.0 Ga Chang’e-5 basalt that is similar to 3.6 − 3.0 Ga Apollo basalts and pyroclastic glasses.

While atomically dispersed metals can maximize reaction catalytic sites, it is challenging to achieve high atomic densities without agglomeration. Here, authors prepared Cu single-atoms on black phosphorous using a photochemical strategy and auxiliary H₂ as proton reduction electrocatalysts.