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Termite reproductives are long-lived and their genomes have abundant selfish genetic elements. Using long-read sequencing to profile transposable elements and DNA methylation, Qiu et al. uncover evolutionary arms races between TEs and host defences.

From 2014–2017, marine heatwaves caused global mass coral bleaching, where the corals lose their symbiotic algae. The authors find, this event exceeded the severity of all prior global bleaching events in recorded history, with approximately half the world’s reefs bleaching and 15% experiencing substantial mortality.

It remains unclear whether rRNA modifications can be naturally altered in response to antibiotics in bacteria. Here, the authors analyzed direct RNA nanopore sequencing data with an analytical pipeline Nanoconsensus, to investigate whether bacterial rRNA modifications are modulated upon exposure to various antibiotics.

The APOE-ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, but it is not deterministic. Here, the authors show that common genetic variation changes how APOE-ε4 influences cognition.

Proteomic data from natural isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide insight into how these cells tolerate aneuploidy (an imbalance in the number of chromosomes), and reveal differences between lab-engineered aneuploids and diverse natural yeasts.

Five-year survival data and biomarker analysis of the PRADO extension cohort of the phase 2 OpACIN-neo trial, in which patients with high-risk stage III melanoma received neoadjuvant ipilimumab and nivolumab and underwent pathologic response-directed surgery and adjuvant therapy, show 71% event-free survival and 88% overall survival, with tumor mutational burden, IFNγ signature and PD-L1 expression associated with favorable outcomes.

A distinctive population with high hunter-gatherer ancestry persisted 3,000 years later than in most European regions, contributing to later Lower Rhine–Meuse Bell Beaker users.

An anti-HIV-1 antibody that targets an N332_gp120 glycan-independent V3 epitope, a site of Env vulnerability, can decline viremia in HIV-1-infected humanized mice while overcoming classical V3 escape mutations.

Vassy, Dornisch and colleagues developed a genomics-based prostate cancer risk model to support a randomized clinical trial of precision screening in a national healthcare system.

Smith et al. present M-PACT, a deep neural network leveraging low-input cell-free DNA methylation profiles to achieve robust classification of pediatric brain tumors and enable cellular deconvolution and sensitive copy-number variation detection.

By performing a CAR-adapted base-editing screen of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ, PIK3CD), Bucher et al. identify mutations affecting endogenous PI3K–AKT signaling that enhances CAR T cell antitumor potency.

In a multicenter, randomized trial of patients with atrial fibrillation and a low risk of thromboembolic events, treatment with the anticoagulant rivaroxaban showed no benefit in reducing cognitive decline, stroke or transient ischemic attack when compared to placebo.

Here the authors show that transient cell cycle arrest reprograms CD8⁺ T cells into a highly energized state, increasing proliferation and antitumor activity and boosting efficacy of immunotherapies in cancer models.

This study explores the genetic structure of hepatitis C virus outbreaks in rural U.S communities affected by the opioid crisis. Analysis of intra-host viral populations from 692 participants reveals hidden transmission networks.

XCR1+ type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) are crucial to mount anti-tumor immune responses, however their infiltration within tumours is often limited. Here the authors show that cDC1 infiltration could be expanded by intratumoral delivery of mesenchymal stromal cells engineered to express the membrane bound form of FLT3L in combination with poly(I:C) or CXCL9 and CCL5, improving anti-tumor immunity in preclinical models.

Zhu et al. find that aging causes region-specific myelin damage in the spinal cord, which is counteracted by enhanced TGFβ signaling in microglia, revealing a protective mechanism for healthy aging.

Clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential is driven by somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and may progress to myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Here authors show that the two conditions share a similar pattern of bone marrow remodeling, characterized by the emergence of inflammatory mesenchymal stromal cells and IFN-responsive T cells, reinforcing their shared etio-pathology.

Language production and comprehension are often studied as separate processes, but they are intertwined in naturalistic conversation. In this Review, Holler and Kuhlen summarize how visual signals, feedback and multi-party interactions contribute to language processing and require further study.

Selective ribosome profiling and biochemical approaches establish nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC) as a central co-translational chaperone integrating proteostasis, subcellular delivery and regulation of elongation kinetics during protein biogenesis.

Using operando synchrotron X-ray imaging, the study reveals 3D morphological and chemical changes of thermochemical particles during redox cycles, uncovering degradation mechanisms and insights for improved thermal energy materials.

A nine-year transit-timing campaign has measured the extremely low masses and densities of four large planets orbiting the young star V1298 Tau, which are now predicted to contract and form a typical compact super-Earth and sub-Neptune system.

Organisms vary in their nitrogen and phosphorus content, shaping ecological and evolutionary processes. This study shows that nitrogen deposition is a consistent global factor associated with plant and animal stoichiometry.

Cadherin-based junctions connect cells to support tissue architecture. Here, the authors show that the condensation of core component β-catenin organizes cadherin complexes into clusters to promote formation of new adhesions.

Here we describe the establishment of the West African Genetic Medicine Centre in Ghana to help the country implement a World Health Assembly resolution to guide capacity building to address sickle-cell disease and other genetic disorders in Africa.

The authors show that increased Xist RNA levels can induce de novo silencing of genes that normally escape X inactivation. SPEN depletion prevents the silencing of escape genes upon Xist RNA overexpression in neural progenitors.

The dense desmoplastic stroma and insufficient infiltrating T cells limit effective immunotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The authors here administer an autologous dendritic cell (DC) vaccine (MesoPher) with an agonistic CD40-specific antibody (mitazalimab) to patients with metastatic PDAC after (m)FOLFIRINOX standard-of-care treatment and find MesoPher/mitazalimab combination therapy is safe and tolerable, accompanied with enhanced systemic and local immune responses.

The authors present DNA-Diffusion, a generative AI framework that designs synthetic regulatory elements with tunable cell-type specificity. Experimental validation demonstrates their ability to reactivate AXIN2 expression, a leukemia-protective gene, in its native genomic context.

Analyses of liver biopsies from a child with spinal muscular atrophy treated with adeno-associated virus gene therapy who developed hepatitis reveal contaminating manufacturing plasmids and disrupted vector genomes, possibly resulting from recombination events.

DNA methylation and copy number variant analyses across a large number of genetic mouse models of pediatric brain tumors reveal subtype-specific molecular alterations shared with the corresponding human diseases.

High-depth sequencing of non-cancerous tissue from patients with metastatic cancer reveals single-base mutational signatures of alcohol, smoking and cancer treatments, and reveals how exogenous factors, including cancer therapies, affect somatic cell evolution.

Ginhoux, Dutertre and colleagues provide a comprehensive analysis of dendritic cell subsets and states across human tumoral and juxtatumoral tissues.