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How the brain supports speaking and listening during conversation of its natural form remains poorly understood. Here, by combining intracranial EEG recordings with Natural Language Processing, the authors show broadly distributed frontotemporal neural signals that encode context-dependent linguistic information during both speaking and listening..

Long-term peak streamflow trends in the USA are primarily driven by direct human interventions – especially urbanization and water management – rather than climate alone, according to an analysis of over 3,900 stream gauges.

The principal layer architecture of the sensory cortex is altered with aging. The authors show that overall thinning of the primary somatosensory cortex is driven by deep layer degeneration but that layer IV is more pronounced in old age.

Here, the authors show that giving probiotics to very low birth weight preterm babies can help reduce harmful antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the gut and support the development of a healthier microbiome.

The response to immune checkpoint blockade in head and neck cancer has been heterogenous. Here, the authors utilise longitudinal sampling of a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma model to identify biomarkers of response.

The Amazon rainforest is increasingly under pressure from climate change and deforestation. The resilience of three-quarters of the forest, particularly in drier areas or close to human activity, has been decreasing since the 2000s, indicating that the system may be approaching a tipping point.

Total water storage in Eurasia can be driven by both climate variability and human activities, with the latter suggested as the key factor for water loss. However, here the authors show that drying in the low-latitude Atlantic Ocean is the dominant force in storage depeletion during 2003-2017.

Pain experience is highly individual, but its individual-specific brain features remain unclear. The authors identify brain regions with consistent versus variable representations of pain across a large sample of individuals.

Immunogenomic analyses of advanced high-grade serous ovarian cancer samples before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy show that the tumor–immune microenvironment is intrinsically heterogeneous and that chemotherapy induces local immune activation.

Little is known about the long-term dynamics of mesopelagic fish despite their large contribution to total fish biomass. Here, the authors analyze the Santa Barbara Basin otolith record and suggest that mesopelagic fish populations were large but fluctuated with surface climate over the last ~2000 years.

It has been argued that parts of the climate system can experience rapid changes and that such tipping can be anticipated by early warning signals. Here the authors discuss the limitations of such indicators and common pitfalls in their application.

Observations suggest early twentieth-century human activities, in the form of canal construction, increased groundwater availability in northwest India and Pakistan, in contrast to recent depletion driven by tubewell development and low rainfall.

This study shows that over the past three decades, the interior of East Antarctica has experienced significant warming due to changes in atmospheric circulation, which are attributed to warming in the southern Indian Ocean.

The neural processes involved in memory formation for realistic experiences remain poorly understood. Here, the authors found that ripple-like activity in the human hippocampus and neocortex tracks key moments during movie watching and predicts which events are later remembered.

Using multiple remote-sensing datasets, the authors show that temporal and spatial scale influence the detection of tree-mortality events and explain why there has been a seemingly conflicting pattern of both overall greening but also extensive tree mortality in recent decades.

Axonal injury, induced in the white matter by expansion of early tumour cells, is a key driver of glioblastoma progression.

The status of immune cells within human pancreatic lymphatic tissues during the onset and progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is underexplored. Here, by flow cytometry and CITEseq, the authors profile pancreatic, mesenteric, and splenic lymphatic tissues from individuals with varying clinical statuses and identify tissue-specific immune responses associated with T1D autoimmunity.

PBK is a mitotic kinase implicated in cancer. This study reveals how PBK evicts key C2H2-zinc finger transcription factors such as Ikaros, Aiolos and CTCF from DNA as cells divide, regulating mitotic chromatin accessibility and chromosome compaction.

The ability to predict a potential collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is widely desired, but problematic. Here, using a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation mode, the authors show that early warning signs can be detected 250 years in advance.

Cheek swabs are widely used in pediatric epigenetic studies, but changes in their cellular composition with age are unclear. Here the authors show that buccal epithelial cells decline with age until adolescence, then stabilize, while variability increases with age, impacting the precision of tools like the PedBE clock in pediatric epigenetics.

This study found higher RSV antibody levels were associated with lower RSV risk in children outside the hospital. An earlier rise in incidence and higher incidence rates were observed among children <5 years compared to older children and adults.

Resources are finite for living organisms; therefore, compromises are required when partitioning resources to different tasks. Here, the authors use the Pareto concept to show how a trade-off is achieved in terms of the performance and metabolic efficiency in a panel of 97 Arabidopsis thalianaaccessions.

Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is a serious complication of metastatic solid tumors with a poor prognosis. Here, by using single-cell RNA sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid, the authors report genomic and immune correlates of response to immunotherapy in two cohorts of patients with LMD treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Pioneer neurons extend their axons to provide a track for follower neurons to follow, whether these neurons differ in other ways has not been clear. Here they show that pioneer and follower neurons are transcriptionally distinct and that RA signaling is required for pioneer axon targeting.

Drought conditions could intensify by 25–35% in the future in the Middle East under a high-emissions scenario, with the most affected regions concentrated in central and southern areas, according to a drought index based on ensemble machine learning methods and climate model simulations.

Divergent trends in biogeochemical constituents of the six largest rivers in the Arctic from 2003 to 2019 support multi-faceted changes on the Arctic landscape under global environmental change.

The authors analyse tree responses to an extreme heat and drought event across South America to understand long-term climate resistance. While no more sensitive to this than previous lesser events, forests in drier climates showed the greatest impacts and thus vulnerability to climate extremes.

Whole-genome sequences and field experiments focusing on the global invasive forage crop, Trifolium repens, show high levels of genetic variation across continents and parallel signatures of selection in five haploblocks.

Soil moisture droughts can have severe impacts on agriculture, which makes forecasting them crucial. Here the authors show that the dynamic predictability of these agricultural droughts decreases with climate change in many regions.

How the carbon stocks of the Arctic–Boreal Zone change with warming is not well understood. Here the authors show that wildfires and large regional differences in net carbon fluxes offset the overall increasing CO₂ uptake.

Yang et al. show that transcription–replication collisions lead to large tandem duplications, which are frequent in female-enriched, upper gastrointestinal tract and prostate cancers and are associated with poor survival and mutations in specific genes, such as CDK12.

Biomedical image analysis challenges have increased in the last ten years, but common practices have not been established yet. Here the authors analyze 150 recent challenges and demonstrate that outcome varies based on the metrics used and that limited information reporting hampers reproducibility.

Bivalves reveal that the subpolar North Atlantic destabilised and shows signs of having crossed a tipping point during the transition into the Little Ice Age.

Combining functional genomic data from mouse and chicken with a synteny-based strategy identifies positionally conserved cis-regulatory elements in the absence of direct sequence conservation.

Data on the richness and composition of the skin microbiome from 2,349 individual amphibians, representing 205 species across a broad geographic range, is compared with local biotic and abiotic environmental factors.

Spatial information in the tumour microenvironment may be exploited to optimise diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Here, the authors develop a spatial analytics computational and systems pathology platform (SpAn) based on highly multiplexed antibody imaging on colorectal cancer samples to infer emergent network biology and predict 5-year risk of recurrence.

Increased atmospheric evaporative demand in recent years has increased drought severity by an average of 40% globally across both dry and wet regions, and the trend is likely to continue under future warming scenarios.