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A photonic processor capable of running advanced artificial intelligence models with near-electronic precision is introduced, marking a substantial step towards post-transistor computing technologies.

This Analysis estimates the health benefits and economic value of enhancing social determinants of mental health in Brisbane South, Australia, home to 1.2 million people. Crosland et al. analyze the impact of a 5% improvement in social cohesion, childhood difficulties, substance misuse, unemployment, underemployment, homelessness and staying engaged with education over 11 years.

CRISPR activation enables multiplexed, cell-type-specific and stable gene expression in plants. Houbaert et al. successfully reprogrammed gene expression in the root endodermis and restored flavonoid production in mutants, displaying the power of this synthetic biology tool.

This study identifies genetic polymorphisms in PfRAD5 and PfWD11 as new markers of artemisinin resistance of malaria infections. These represent putative factors of the artemisinin resistance pathophysiological background along several differentially expressed transcripts.

The limitations of many experimental techniques make it difficult to obtain a clear picture of magnetic interactions in materials, leaving many important questions open. Yang et al. demonstrate that time-resolved two-magnon Raman scattering can probe the dynamics of antiferromagnetic YBa₂Cu₃O_6.1.

Clinical calculators play a vital role in healthcare, but their utilization remains to be optimized. The authors present AgentMD, an AI agent that can autonomously curate clinical calculators from medical literature and apply them to various use cases.

This Perspective article discusses the stratification of patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) in the context of current guidelines, biomarkers and emerging and future developments of targeted treatment. The authors aim to highlight how these novel developments can enhance the stratification of patients with knee OA to improve patient outcomes.

Preparing suitable lithium anodes is crucial for high-performance solid-state batteries. This study evaluates methods for producing thin lithium films, emphasizing thermal evaporation as a cost-effective approach while estimating associated pack costs.

Whole-genome sequences and field experiments focusing on the global invasive forage crop, Trifolium repens, show high levels of genetic variation across continents and parallel signatures of selection in five haploblocks.

It is hoped that quantum computers may be faster than classical ones at solving optimization problems. Here the authors implement a quantum optimization algorithm over 23 qubits but find more limited performance when an optimization problem structure does not match the underlying hardware.

McConnell et al. develop TANGERINE, a computationally frugal, open-source foundation model for analyzing 3D low-dose chest computed tomography (CT) scans. The model achieves strong generalisation and label efficiency across multiple lung diseases while requiring minimal computational resources.

Literature mining, such as systematic review and meta-analysis, is crucial for discovering, integrating, and interpreting emerging research. This study presents a specialized large language model for literature that outperforms six general LLMs and helps clinicians in study selection and data extraction tasks.

Generalization - that is, the ability to extrapolate from training data to unseen data - is fundamental in machine learning, and thus also for quantum ML. Here, the authors show that QML algorithms are able to generalise the training they had on a specific distribution and learn over different distributions.

An ultra-rapid 3D immunostaining protocol can uniformly label organ-scale tissues.

This study reveals trade-offs in freshwater savings, cost and capacity shortfalls from deploying treated brackish water for wet thermoelectric cooling, as well as its cost-effectiveness, relative to dry cooling retrofit, in saving freshwater.

National implementation of a computed tomographic angiography and AI-diagnostic tool, CT-derived fractional flow reserve (FFR-CT), did not provide significant benefits in reducing mortality but led to fewer invasive coronary angiograms and downstream cardiac tests.

The authors show that deep brain stimulation (DBS) inhibits local neural activity via differential suppression of glutamate and GABA release, and they developed a chemogenetic therapy as a less invasive, cost-effective alternative to electrical DBS.

Goel et al. produce high-resolution three-dimensional genome structure mapping from mitosis to G1 phase to show unseen interactions between enhancers and promoters in prometaphase. Polymer modeling indicates the interactions are facilitated by chromosome compaction.

Although synthesis of high-quality MoS₂ has been demonstrated, growth of monolayer MoS₂at controlled locations is highly desirable for applications. Here, the authors introduce a method where patterned seeds of molybdenum source material are used to grow isolated flakes at predetermined locations.

Deep learning methods have been used to design proteins that can neutralize the effects of three-finger toxins found in snake venom, which could lead to the development of safer and more accessible antivenom treatments.

Insoluble protein expression continues to be a bottleneck for biotechnology. Here, Chilkoti and colleagues report a method for generating and identifying hypersoluble intrinsically disordered protein fusion tags to improve soluble protein expression and rescue protein function.

Analysis of the blood DNA virome in patients with COVID-19 and autoimmune disease associates endogenous HHV-6 (eHHV-6) and high anellovirus load with increased disease risk, most notably for systemic lupus erythematosus. eHHV-6 carriers show a distinct immune response.

Integrated multi-omic analyses using samples from the TRACERx study highlight cross-talk between DNA hypermethylation and genomic lesions in non-small cell lung cancer.

Subsidies for coastal management and tax advantages for high-income property owners dampen the negative effects of climate risks on coastal property values. Without subsidies or tax advantages market prices better reflect climate risks, but coastal gentrification could accelerate.

Dexamethasone has been shown to have survival benefits for critically ill patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in the UK. Here, the authors estimated the number of lives that could be saved through a UK and global roll out of the drug and demonstrate that it is a cost-effective option.

Quantum computing devices of increasing complexity are becoming more and more reliant on automatised tools for design, optimization and operation. In this Review, the authors discuss recent developments in “AI for quantum", from hardware design and control, to circuit compiling, quantum error correction and postprocessing, and discuss future potential of quantum accelerated supercomputing, where AI, HPC, and quantum technologies converge.

The genome of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum contains a record of past evolutionary forces. Here, using 2537 parasite sequences from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the authors demonstrate how drug pressure and human movement have shaped the present-day parasite population.

Meehan and colleagues study access to running water in large US cities since 1970, finding that the 2008 financial crisis worsened household ‘plumbing poverty’ in many cities. This disproportionately impacted households of color and generally squeezed lower-income households into more precarious living situations.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

DeBerge, Glinton et al. demonstrate that allograft inflammatory factor 1 promotes inflammatory glycolytic reprogramming in cardiac macrophages, leading to adverse remodeling and progression to heart failure after myocardial infarction.

Fitting a model of within-host competition and bacterial transmission to empirical patterns of antibiotic resistance, the authors show that frequency-dependent selection promotes coexistence between resistant and non-resistant strains at the population level.

A new network approach maps every street block in sub-Saharan Africa using high-resolution building and street data, pinpointing infrastructure needs and revealing development gradients from neighbourhoods to cities and rural areas.

Spatial transcriptomic studies and lineage tracing reveal that, after brain injury, transient profibrotic fibroblasts develop from existing brain fibroblasts, infiltrate lesions, regulate the local immune response and lead to beneficial scar tissue formation.

Herring, sardine and anchovy are the cheapest fish species in many low- and middle-income countries, with <20% of small pelagic catch sufficient to meet the recommended fish intakes for young children living near water in sub-Saharan Africa.

R2 retrotransposons are natural RNA guided gene insertion systems. Here, Edmonds et al. characterize the structure and biochemistry of an avian R2 and engineer a compact, all-RNA system to integrate DNA in mammalian cells, aiding the development of future retrotransposon-based gene editors.

Strings of local excitations are interesting features of a strongly correlated topological quantum matter. Here, the authors show that Boltzmann-distributed strings of local excitations also describe the topological physics of the Santa Fe geometry of artificial spin ice, which is a classical thermal system.

Lightning Pose is an efficient pose estimation approach that requires few labeled training data owing to its semi-supervised learning strategy and ensembling.

Light detection and ranging (lidar) is an active remote sensing technology that produces foundational geospatial datasets across natural systems. This Primer introduces core lidar technological components, concepts and applications for assessment of vegetation, topography, bathymetry and glaciology. Current methods, outlooks and considerations for acquiring and processing lidar data are introduced.

A two-phase machine-learning-based tool making use of high-throughput experimentation is introduced to examine the connections between chemical and protein sequence space and predict productive biocatalytic reactions among substrate and enzyme pairs.

Investigating the influence of using methamphetamine on the rate of admissions for mental health disorders, this study finds that concurrent methamphetamine use increased mental health-related hospital admissions 10.5-fold. Increased prevalence was also found for men, non-Hispanic Black people, middle-aged adults, and people living in the South.

A single-cell sequencing study using more than 30,000 tumour genomes from human ovarian cancers shows that whole-genome doubling is an ongoing mutational process that drives tumour evolution and disrupts immunity.

Montoliu-Gaya, Salvadó et al. develop a blood-based model using tau biomarkers measured in a single analysis enabling biological staging of Alzheimer’s disease to support the diagnosis, prognosis and identification of patients likely to benefit from targeted therapies.

Photoelectrochemical etching relies on light-driven carrier migration to catalyze reactions on semiconductor surfaces. Here, the authors show that lateral photon gradients induce anomalous etching of undoped semiconductor materials.

Ramadan et al. examine how humans deploy hierarchical and counterfactual reasoning strategies given cognitive constraints.

Plasmonic effects in organic light-emitting devices, which are normally considered a source of energy loss, are harnessed to enhance the stability of these devices while maintaining operational efficiency.