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Evernimicin, an antibiotic of the orthosomycin class, inhibits bacterial translation by preventing ribosomes from polymerizing specific amino acid motifs, and controls the expression of resistance genes via such context-specific action.

The authors identify defective viral particles, in people with non-suppressible HIV-1, that can replicate through superinfection and interfere with the wild-type virus. However, they show no evidence of these preventing disease progression in the individuals studied.

T cell receptors are identified in large-scale screening of T cell repertoires cloned from primary human T cells.

Much investment goes into improving police-community interactions, yet trust in police remains low. Here, the authors show that community members report feeling less threat and more trust when officers use transparency statements to start interactions.

Antigen-specific antibodies secreted by plasma cells are rapidly identified using microfluidics and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).

The clinical management of patients with non-acute myocardial ischaemic syndrome (NAMIS) continues to evolve as increasingly effective treatment approaches become available. In this Review, Chiu et al. summarize the evidence from randomized trials on optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery to guide shared decision making in patients with NAMIS.

The first comprehensive analysis of the meiotic translational program of Schizosaccharomyces pombe by deep sequencing of ribosome-protected fragments identifies new translated sequences and highlights differences in the translational changes occurring during sexual differentiation of fission and budding yeasts.

Ribonulease P is a conserved ribozyme present in all kingdoms of life that is involved in the 5′ maturation step of tRNAs. Here the authors determine the structure of an archaeal RNase P holoenzyme that reveals how archaeal RNase P recognizes its tRNA substrate and suggest a conserved catalytic mechanism amongst RNase Ps despite structural variability.

The relationships between people can have important consequences for the systems they depend on. Here the authors show that when coral reef fishers face commons dilemmas, the formation of cooperative communication with competitors can lead to positive gains in reef fish biomass and functional richness.

Nociceptive sensory nerves infiltrate the peripheral trauma area, mediating the biased repair response due to the formation of fibrotic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) neurogenic niche. Nociceptive sensory neuron-derived nerve growth factor activates the TrkA receptors in MSCs and triggers the Hif1α-Twist1 pathway, driving the differentiation of MSCs into myofibroblasts to mediate fibrosis. TPX-0005 exerts therapeutic effects by inhibiting TrkA to reverse fibrosis.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging global health issue, but currently no licensed vaccine achieves lasting protective immunity. Here the authors show that a ZIKV vaccine containing the envelop protein without the transmembrane domain and the precursor membrane protein can provide effective protection in mouse models.

Cerebral palsy lacks reliable biomarkers for early and accurate diagnosis. Here, the authors show serum proteomic signatures of disease and develop a multi-biomarker diagnostic model.

Steatotic liver disease (SLD), which might lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is on the rise worldwide. This Expert Recommendation draws on lessons learned to tackle viral hepatitis and proposes a framework for SLD screening and testing policies.

GBA, a major gene for Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, is associated with increased risk of developing dementia. Here, we demonstrate that GBA mutations in mice contribute to cognitive deficits through α-synuclein-independent mechanisms that impact synaptic vesicle endocytosis.

Here the authors isolate monoclonal antibody HmAb64 from a healthy volunteer who received an experimental polyvalent DNA prime-protein boost HIV vaccine, and show that it’s specific for the CD4 binding site and neutralizes cross-subtype HIV isolates including several tier-2 viruses.

Natural killer T (NKT) cell defects have been implicated in several diseases such as autoimmunity, asthma and cancer, but will targeting them really be of clinical benefit? Here, the authors investigate this question and conclude that more careful studies are needed before the true clinical potential of NKT cell-targeted therapies can be determined.

Structural and biochemical studies show that the biosynthesis of the food preservative nisin involves the tRNA-dependent glutamylation of serine and threonine.

Point mutations in nascent peptides that regulate in the macrolide antibiotic resistance genes ermC and ermB can tune the recognition of the antibiotics erythromycin and telithromycin that control ribosome stalling and gene activation.

During speech, neurons in the subthalamic nucleus transiently couple with cortex oscillations. Speech sound errors occur when this coupling is delayed. These findings enhance understanding of information processing in human brain during speech.

The mechanisms of bifurgation, a key step in thyroid development, are largely unknown. Here, Fang et al. find that HGF/Met is indispensable for the bifurgation of the thyroid primordium during zebrafish thyroid development.

CAPPSID relies on an engineered S. typhimurium to act as a synthetic ‘capsid’ to transcribe and deliver viral RNA inside cancer cells, launching a virus that can directly lyse surrounding cells.

Macrolides and ketolides antibiotics selectively interfere with the translation of a specific subset of proteins. Here the authors show how the macrolide erythromycin and the ketolide telithromycin interplay with the nascent polypeptide chain to arrest translation.

Zonal positioning in the liver determines whether the CTNNB1 oncogene can induce liver cancer.

Virus-host competition drives evolution of diverse antiviral defences in bacteria and antidefense systems in their viruses (phages). Here, Silas et al. use a functional screen of phage accessory genes to show how bacterial cell-surface sugars can be major determinants of phage host-range, and how some phage proteins injected into bacterial cells inhibit host immunity.

Here, Xue et al. identify N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) modification sites in RNAs of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and show that these sites, particularly sites in the transcript encoding for the viral glycoprotein, affect virus replication in primary human cells and cotton rats.

Pseudokinases are non-canonical protein-kinase-like proteins deficient in kinase activity, few of which have enzymatic activity that differs from phosphorylation. Now a pseudokinase-enabled cyclization activity for the biosynthesis of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides has been observed. Here pseudokinases can catalyse a Michael addition for (ene)thioether crosslinking through a sandwich-like substrate-assisted process.

Sunshine et al. use Perturb-seq to study host dependencies of SARS-CoV-2 by inactivating host factors genetically and monitoring the course of infection by single-cell sequencing, characterizing global host phenotypes. They identified NFKBIA, EIF4E2 and EIF4H as strong host dependency factors.

iGluSnFR variants with improved signal-to-noise ratios and targeting to postsynaptic sites have been developed, enabling the analysis of glutamatergic neurotransmission in vivo as illustrated in the mouse visual and somatosensory cortex.

This study reveals that an outer membrane protein from the predator Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus forms a pentameric assembly that traps a lipid monolayer within. This allows the discovery of two superfamilies, distributed across a wide range of bacteria, likely to adopt a similar architecture.

Many nematode worms, including Caenorhabditis elegans have XX/XO sex determination, while other species have XY. The authors use a new genome assembly of the filarial parasite Brugia malayi and published data to show that nematode sex chromosome evolution is highly plastic.

Adenovirus transcripts contain N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification. Here the authors profile m6A modification sites on adenovirus mRNAs using Illumina meRIP-Seq and nanopore direct RNA sequencing, and showcase a role for m6A in splicing of viral late mRNAs.

SARS-CoV-2 coinfections may lead to recombination events which could be important in the emergence of new variants. Here, the authors develop an automated bioinformatics pipeline to identify coinfections in genomic data and test it on >2 million publicly available raw read data sets collected globally.