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A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

In this Perspective, members of the Aging Biomarker Consortium outline the X-Age Project, an Aging Biomarker Consortium plan for building standardized aging clocks in China. The authors discuss the project roadmap and its aims of decoding aging heterogeneity, detecting accelerated aging early and evaluating geroprotective interventions.

Anti-TSLP biologics have shown promise for the clinical treatment of type 2 respiratory disease. Here the authors present a clinical trial of CM326, a monoclonal antibody against TSLP, and show the clinical effects in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (ECRSwNP), who present with type 2-dominant inflammation.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) could effectively target cancers that are resistant to traditional therapy but may initiate immune related adverse effects, such as colitis. Here, authors characterise the gut immune microenvironment during CPI-colitis by bulk RNA sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry, and find that interleukin 23 plays an important role in promoting inflammation via cytotoxic polyfunctional IFNγ-producing lymphocytes.

Genetic basis of the drought tolerance of upland rice is unclear. Here, the authors report the cloning of a COBRA-like protein encoding gene DROT1 and reveal that it is repressed by ERF3 and activated by ERF71 to help control the balance between growth and drought tolerance in upland rice.

Complex environments with varying temperatures remain a major challenge for batteries. Here, authors develop a polymer composite binder with dynamic active sites and phase change properties, enabling lithium sulfur batteries to operate stably over a wide temperature range of −40 °C to 60 °C.

Insight into the singlet–triplet energy gap and molecular structure relationship in polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules enables organic light-emitting diodes based on multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence, with improved efficiency and roll-off.

MyoD is a transcription factor expressed in skeletal muscle that plays a critical role in determining myogenic cell fate. Here, Hu et al. reveal a metabolic role of MyoD in orchestrating systemic energy homeostasis by mediating muscle-fat crosstalk through the muscle-secreted lipokine DLPC.

The use of biomarkers of ageing is crucial for investigating age-related processes. This Review discusses biomarkers of ageing and of ageing-associated physiological changes, at the cellular, tissue and organism levels in humans and non-human primates.

In this multicenter phase 1 trial, treatment with IBI343, a CLDN18.2-targeting antibody–drug conjugate, was safe and showed encouraging clinical responses in patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma.

This work introduces roll-to-roll fluidics, a method that enhances reagent efficiency and reduces turnaround time, enabling rapid and economical next-generation sequencing.

An asymmetric self-assembled monolayer improves the efficiency of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells compared with symmetric self-assembled monolayers, resulting in a certified power conversion efficiency of up to 34.58%.

In contrast to the classical streaming potential relying on downstream ionic diffusion, an upstream proton diffusion within two-dimensional nanochannels is found to continuously generate electricity, advancing hydrovoltaic technology.

Renal cell carcinoma consists of several subtypes, and recurrence is highly dependent on subtype. Here, the authors develop a multi-classifier using imaging, lncRNA and clinical data to predict recurrence in papillary renal cell carcinoma.

Proteome profiling of plasma samples in human pan-cancer cohorts reveals patterns of biomarkers for diagnosis.

Iacobucci et al. present the single-cell transcriptomic profile of patients with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, report enriched multipotency and develop a multipotency score that is associated with worse survival in pediatric patients.

Microsatellite-instability-high gastric cancers typically respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors, but only a small proportion of patients in the microsatellite-stable group responds. Here authors stratify these patients via a semi-supervised learning approach using multi-omics input data and functionally validate T-bet+ CD8 + T cells as crucial factor in the immunotherapy response.

A DNA-based storage system for biomedical images is proposed, combining compression, error correction and deep learning repair. It achieves 97.20% image quality at 7× coverage depth, demonstrating high compression and fault tolerance.

SIRT5 protects against primate skeletal muscle ageing through TBK1 desuccinylation, which inhibits the downstream inflammatory and senescent phenotypes.

POMC and AgRP neurons in hypothalamus were widely known to regulate energy balance. Here, authors show that ARC^CRABP1 neurons are identified as a new player influencing appetite and metabolism.

Single-atom catalysts have proven successful in many catalytic applications. Now, Li, Wu and co-workers show that single-atom catalysts can be prepared directly from bulk metals using an ammonia atmosphere, owing to the formation of volatile metal–ammonia species that are trapped by the nitrogen-rich carbon support.

Qi et al. show that bile acids produced by the gut microbiota can suppress platelet activation and reduce atherothrombosis, protecting atherosclerotic mice from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

The authors present a soft metalens (SML) with tungsten-gel composite for ultra-broadband transcranial focus, significantly enhancing intracranial sound pressure and spatial resolution. This breakthrough advances underwater sonar, medical ultrasound imaging, and non-invasive detection for energy transmission.

A wax-aided immersion methodology is developed to yield graphene rolls with tunable chiral angles; these graphene rolls exhibit promising chiral electronic properties beyond those of other carbon allotropes.

Here, the authors performed plasma proteomics and metabolomics analysis and identify the vinculin (VCL) pathway as a key mediator of lung exudation in SARS-CoV-2 infections, particularly associated with Omicron infection. In a mouse model of infection inhibition of VCL leads to reduced lung pathology.

Heteroatom–heteroatom cross-couplings have so far remained elusive. Now, a copper-catalysed enantioselective S–O cross-coupling of diverse diols or triols with sulfonyl chlorides has been realized via a single-electron reductive elimination manifold. The reaction provides access to value-added chiral C₃ building blocks and inositol phosphates through enantioselective desymmetrization of biomass-derived alcohols.

trans-Bis-silylation of alkynes is underdeveloped compared with cis-bis-silylation. Now, a Pd-catalysed method for the trans-bis-silylation of terminal alkynes is reported using disilane reagent 8-(2-substituted 1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilanyl)quinoline to selectively form trans-bis-silylated alkenes. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction probably proceeds through a combined cis-bis-silylation and Z/E isomerization process.

Effects of snow cover dynamics, land use or land cover conversions and non-conversion regions on albedo variations during 2001–2020 are quantified and their induced radiative forcing estimated, highlighting the role of land surface dynamics in modulating global warming.

The booming production of silicon solar panels, a core technology in the energy transition, calls for proper end-of-life management. Here the authors propose a salt-etching approach that enables efficient recycling of critical materials from end-of-life silicon solar panels, without the use of toxic reagents.

The global monsoon is considered to have provided an important interhemispheric climate link during deglaciation, but direct evidence is lacking. Here, climate evidence from speleothems suggests that rapid latitudinal displacements of the Australasian monsoon play a key role in deglacial warming.

Chen et al. present a deep learning-based lead optimization model that combines generative artificial intelligence with structure-based approaches. The method is successfully applied to the design of drug-like molecules targeting the recently identified LTK protein target with high potency and selectivity.

Utilizing the immense osmotic energy in membrane separation processes enables spontaneous lithium extraction while generating net energy, offering a promising method for carbon-negative resource recovery.

Lung cancer patients who smoke show a better response to immunotherapy than non-smokers. Here, the authors show that tobacco smoke induces PD-L1 expression on lung epithelial cells via AhR that is associated with benefits of PD-1 inhibitor in patients, shedding new lights on lung carcinogenesis and immunotherapy.

Rice coordinates recruitment of the root microbiota to optimize nitrogen acquisition from soil.

Obtainment of hydrogen-rich metal hydrides that are high-temperature superconductors has been demonstrated under very high pressure, but is still largely unexplored. Here the authors synthesize CeH₉, with a structure related to solid metallic hydrogen, at relatively low pressure and without need for heating.

Qu et al. present a detailed three-dimensional spatial transcriptome atlas of all major organs in the mouse embryo at E13.5, providing a better understanding of organ development and cellular interactions during mammalian development.

The specificity of protein deubiquitination relies on deubiquitinase-substrate interactions (DSIs). Here, authors leverage evolutionary information from the proteome to predict DSIs, even with an inadequate training dataset.

The understanding of catalytic reactions at the atomic interface is vital; however, the characterization and mechanism studies of atomically dispersed catalysts remain challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate Cu–Sn surface alloys with isolated Sn atoms on a Cu host to achieve efficient CO₂ to CO conversion.

Characterization of dynamic conformational changes in membrane protein complexes by NMR spectroscopy remains challenging. Here authors report the site-specific incorporation of 4-trimethylsilyl phenylalanine (TMSiPhe) into proteins, which enabled the characterization of multiple conformational states of a phospho-β2 adrenergic receptor/β-arrestin-1 complex in response to different receptor ligands.

This study designs a new model based on medium-resolution satellite imagery to assess building damage from war, using the cases of Syria and Ukraine. It found that building damage has broader consequences for the population affected, especially when accounting for hospitals and schools.

In this study, the authors found five disease clusters associated with a prior diagnosis of anxiety/stress-related disorders, and identified several underlying genetic components. These findings may aid mechanistic exploration and risk management for health decline among those patients.