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This study maps chromatin accessibility at single-cell resolution in rice and related grasses, revealing how regulatory DNA elements evolve across cell types and species and identifying potential silencers that control gene expression.

Challenges in simplicity and accessibility limit the current widespread applicability of neuromuscular models. Here, the authors present a readily fabricated, organised human motor assembloids-on-a-chip approach for neuromuscular research and hypoxia disease modelling.

The genetic basis of gestational diabetes remains poorly characterised, particularly in non-European populations. Here, the authors identify 13 novel loci and develop an early prediction model integrating polygenic risk scores and prenatal records in Chinese pregnancies.

The progression from biliary tract intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN) to gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) remains unclear. Here the authors use genomics to analyze coexisting GBC lesions, low-grade and high-grade BilINs, revealing two distinct evolutionary paths for GBC development.

Yolk sac tumours are a type of ovarian germ cell tumours. Here, the authors perform exome and RNA sequencing of clinical samples of 30 patients, characterize the mutational landscape of these rare tumours, and identify molecular features associated with resistance to cisplatin-based therapies.

Skeletal disorders are commonly diagnosed by X-ray imaging, but the radiation limits its use. Here, the authors show that intravital NIR-II bone imaging is effective in diagnosis of a series of common bone diseases non-invasively in mice.

The core circadian transcription factor BMAL1 regulates circadian-dependent myocardial injury.

Minimizing the non-radiative energy loss without sacrificing the charge collection efficiency is the key to improve the performance of organic solar cells. Here, the authors develop hybrid side chain-based asymmetric small molecule acceptors and achieve maximum power conversion efficiency of 19.76%.

LAPTM4A deficiency impedes M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages in glioblastoma, enhancing immune activation and improving the efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy, offering potential therapeutic targets for glioma treatment.

Cytoplasmic aggregates of TDP-43 sequester specific miRNAs and subsets of proteins, causing dysregulation of mitochondrial proteins and a global mitochondrial imbalance that augments oxidative stress and may promote ALS initiation and progression.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) exhibits differences in incidence and survival patterns among races. Here, analysis of Chinese and TCGA ESCC patients reveals that Asian patients exhibit higher TP53, EP300 and NFE2L2 mutational frequencies, and mutated CSMD3 associates with better prognosis.

Normal maternal thyroid function holds significant relevance for pregnancy outcomes and long-term health. Here, the authors detect genetic associations with thyroid related traits in pregnant women.

COVID-19 pandemic is a global health risk, but our understanding on the induced durable immunity remains scarce. Here the authors assess antibody responses in 869 convalescent COVID-19 patients to find that specific antibody titers reduce with time, and the RBD-IgG positive rate exceed 70% at 12 month post diagnosis, with male and older patients showing stronger responses.

Mudskippers are amphibious fishes that have adapted to live on mudflats. Here, the authors sequence the genomes of four different mudskipper species and highlight genetic changes that may have had an evolutionary role in the water-to-land transition of vertebrates.

Prodrugs have the potential for improving therapeutic index and expanding drug targets, but current prodrug activation strategies that are responsive to endogenous stimuli can result in unintended drug release and systemic toxicity. Here, the authors report 3-vinyl−6-oxymethyltetrazine (voTz) as an all-in-one reagent for modular preparation of tetrazine-caged prodrugs and chemoselective labeling of peptides to produce bioorthogonal activable peptide-prodrug conjugates.

Cytosine base editing is crucial for modeling human diseases in zebrafish. Here, the authors present zevoCDA1 and zevoCDA1-198, optimized editors that improve editing efficiency and precision, allowing zebrafish modeling for disease-related mutations which were previously limited by DNA sequence contexts.

The decomposition of perovskite materials during annealing could impact on their stability. Here, the authors adopt a molecular creeper to inhibit perovskite decomposition by suppressing the escape of cations, achieving certified efficiency of 25.36% for solar cells with operational stability.

Heterogeneity in gene expression and epigenetic states exists across individual cells. Here, the authors develop scCAT-seq, a technique for simultaneously performing ATAC-seq and RNA-seq within the same single cell.

The lack of large-scale QTL cloning method hampers systematic dissection of genetic base of quantitative traits. Here, the authors develop a multi-omics data-based technique for large-scale and rapid cloning of quantitative genes of tassel branch number and discovery of selection signatures in maize breeding.

Studying the genetic progression of many cancers is difficult as longitudinal samples are rarely available. Here, the authors analyse a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia over a 29 year period and track the clonal evolution of the patient’s disease and response to therapy.

Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S protein can provide a treatment strategy for COVID-19. Here, Guo et al. provide the crystal structure of a SARS-CoV2 neutralizing antibody isolated from a convalescent patient and highlight the therapeutic efficacy in a rhesus monkey model of an engineered version with optimized pharmacokinetic and safety profile.

The study reports map-based cloning and functional analysis of Bph6, which is associated with resistance to planthoppers in rice. BPH6 localizes to the exocyst and interacts with OsEXO70E1, and suppression of OsExo70E1 expression decreases resistance in Bph6-NIL plants.

RNA editing is a biological process that creates sequence variation. Here the authors show that peptides generated as a consequence of RNA editing are naturally presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and serve as antigens to elicit anti-tumour immune responses.

Yan, Liang, Zhang et al. propose a domain knowledge-based interpretable deep learning system to improve breast cancer risk prediction from multimodal ultrasound images. Its inherent interpretability enables effective human-machine collaboration and thus may aid clinical decision-making.

A population of partially exhausted CXCR5⁺ CD8⁺ T cells, induced by chronic virus infection and residing in B-cell follicles, is shown to control viral replication.

The complex energy surface of a non-Hermitian system is not single-valued, and windings around its so-called exceptional branching points lead to the chiral and non-reciprocal transfer of eigenstates. Here, the authors experimentally demonstrate such topological state transfers in trapped ion systems, which are being established as promising platforms for quantum simulation.

The authors report a single cell-resolution gene expression atlas for the developing mouse liver and gallbladder using a transgenic Foxa2^eGFP mouse line. By tracing the development of cells from gut endoderm to hepatoblasts they identify key transcriptional changes during liver specification.