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Global burden of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use in 204 countries, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease Study

Nature Medicine (2026)Cite this article

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Abstract

Drug use disorders (DUDs) are emerging global public health challenges. Here we investigated the global and regional estimates of the prevalence and burden of DUDs, including amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use disorders, from 1990 to 2023 for 204 countries and territories by using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Overall, trends in global age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years of DUDs increased from 169.3 (95% uncertainty interval (95% UI), 134.4–203.9) per 100,000 people in 1990 to 212.0 (95% UI, 179.2–245.6) in 2023. In 2023, both prevalence and burden of DUDs were higher in high-income countries, particularly in the USA. The most prevalent DUDs in 2023 were cannabis use disorder (age-standardized prevalence, 270.8 (95% UI, 201.7–350.0) per 100,000 people) and opioid use disorder (205.9 (95% UI, 178.7–235.0)). Particularly, opioid use disorder showed a nearly twofold increase in prevalence and burden between 1990 and 2023. In 2023, compared with countries where cannabis use was illegal, countries permitting both recreational and medical cannabis use had higher prevalence rates for all types of DUDs. Proactive and effective policies are essential to mitigate the increasing global burden of DUDs.

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Fig. 1: World map of age-standardized prevalence and DALYs per 100,000 population attributable to DUDs for both sexes across 204 countries in 2023.
Fig. 2: Global trends in prevalence and DALYs (numbers and age-standardized rate per 100,000 population) between 1990 and 2023, with 95% UI for the comparison of DUDs by substance type.
Fig. 3: Distribution of DALYs numbers and rates per 100,000 population for 2023, with 95% UI for DUDs by age group and sex.
Fig. 4: Age-standardized DALYs per 100,000 population for DUDs attributed to each drug disorder in 2023, adjusted for the legalization level of cannabis use across 204 countries.
Fig. 5: Age-standardized prevalence and DALYs per 100,000 population by DUDs and cannabis legalization level across 204 countries in 2023.
Fig. 6: Age-standardized percentage change in prevalence of DUDs by SDI, before and during pandemic periods (2015–2019 and 2019–2023).

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Data availability

The findings from this study were produced using data available in public online repositories or in the published literature, data that are publicly available on request from the data provider and data that are not publicly available due to restrictions by the data provider and which were used under license for the current study. Details on data sources can be found on the GHDx website, including information about the data provider and links to where the data can be accessed or requested (where available). To download the data used in these analyses, please visit the Global Health Data Exchange GBD 2023 website (accessed on 18 September 2025) at https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2023/sources.

Code availability

Our study follows the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER; Supplementary Table 16). All code used for the GBD 2023 analyses is publicly available online at https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2023/code.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Gates Foundation, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and the Queensland Department of Health, Australia. This paper was developed as part of the GBD Collaborator Network and GBD Protocol with support from the GBD Secretariat, IHME and the GBD Collaborator Network under the IHME ID: 4251 (GBD 2023 Substance Use Collaborators). This work was supported by the Yonsei Fellowship, funded by Lee Youn Jae (to J.I.S.). This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT (grant nos. RS-2024-00509257 and IITP-2024-RS-2024-00438239 to D.K.Y.) and the Ministry of Health & Welfare (grant no. RS-2025-02220492 to D.K.Y.), South Korea. The funder of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the report. All authors had full access to the study data and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Jiseung Kang, Hyeon Jin Kim, Min Seo Kim.

  2. These authors jointly supervised this work: Jae Il Shin, Dong Keon Yon.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Health and Environmental Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea

    Jiseung Kang

  2. Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Jiseung Kang

  3. Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

    Hyeon Jin Kim

  4. Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Min Seo Kim

  5. Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Min Seo Kim

  6. Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

    Jae Il Shin & Jae Il Shin

  7. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

    Dong Keon Yon

  8. Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

    Hasan Aalruz

  9. Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia

    Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate

  10. Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong, China

    Nasir Abbas

  11. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Mohammadreza Abbasian

  12. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammadreza Abbasian

  13. Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Samar Abd ElHafeez

  14. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA

    Michael Abdelmasseh

  15. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Arash Abdollahi

  16. The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Abdollahi

  17. School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Abdollahi

  18. Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria

    Meriem Abdoun

  19. Department of Health, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria

    Meriem Abdoun

  20. Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico

    Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga

  21. Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga

  22. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria

    Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun

  23. Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria

    Olumide Abiodun

  24. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana

    Richard Gyan Aboagye

  25. School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Richard Gyan Aboagye & Basema Ahmad Saddik

  26. Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Dariush Abtahi & Alireza Shakeri

  27. School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

    Ibrahim Jatau Abubakar

  28. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria

    Bilyaminu Abubakar

  29. Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria

    Bilyaminu Abubakar

  30. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Eman Abu-Gharbieh & Hiba Jawdat Barqawiil

  31. Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

    Eman Abu-Gharbieh

  32. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Salahdein Aburuz

  33. College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

    Salahdein Aburuz

  34. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed Abu-Zaid

  35. College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA

    Ahmed Abu-Zaid

  36. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

    Mesafint Molla Adane

  37. School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Isaac Yeboah Addo

  38. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Isaac Yeboah Addo & Sylvester Reuben Okeke

  39. Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria

    Olumide Thomas Adeleke

  40. Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

    Olumide Thomas Adeleke

  41. Department of Educational Counselling and Developmental Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi

  42. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi

  43. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria

    Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa

  44. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa

  45. Department of Community Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal

    Kishor Adhikari

  46. Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal

    Kishor Adhikari

  47. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Sohail Afzal

  48. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan

    Saira Afzal

  49. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan

    Saira Afzal

  50. Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

    Williams Agyemang-Duah

  51. College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia

    Aqeel Ahmad

  52. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Sajjad Ahmad

  53. Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon

    Sajjad Ahmad

  54. School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

    Danish Ahmad

  55. Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia

    Danish Ahmad & Nasser Bagheri

  56. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

    Ali Ahmadi

  57. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Ahmadi

  58. Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA

    Syed Anees Ahmed

  59. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Haroon Ahmed

  60. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Muktar Beshir Ahmed & Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel

  61. Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

    Muktar Beshir Ahmed

  62. Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan

    Ayman Ahmed

  63. Pan-African One Health Institute (PAOHI), Kigali, Rwanda

    Ayman Ahmed

  64. College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia

    Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed

  65. Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif

  66. Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab International University, Damascus, Syria

    Muaaz M. Alajlani

  67. School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan

    Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer

  68. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer

  69. Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan

    Mohammed Albashtawy

  70. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Wafa A. Aldhaleei

  71. Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

    Abdelazeem M. Algammal

  72. College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

    Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa

  73. Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria

    Mohammed Usman Ali

  74. Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Mohammed Usman Ali

  75. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Liaqat Ali

  76. Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan

    Syed Shujait Ali

  77. Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammad Daud Ali

  78. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Sheikh Mohammad Alif

  79. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi & Yonas Getaye Tefera

  80. Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

    Samah W. Al-Jabi & Sa’ed H. Zyoud

  81. Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

    Ahmad Alrawashdeh

  82. Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Advancement Unit (IDERA), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Rami H. Al-Rifai

  83. Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

    Sahel Majed Alrousan

  84. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Najim Z. Alshahrani

  85. Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan

    Alaa B. Al-Tammemi

  86. Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan

    Alaa B. Al-Tammemi

  87. Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan

    Yazan Al Thaher

  88. School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

    Yazan Al Thaher

  89. Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia

    Nelson Alvis-Guzman

  90. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia

    Nelson Alvis-Guzman

  91. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

    Mohammad Al-Wardat

  92. Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi

  93. College of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana’a, Yemen

    Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi

  94. Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Hany Aly

  95. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

    Karem H. Alzoubi

  96. Department of Biomedical Engineering, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan

    Walid A. Al-Zyoud

  97. Spiritual Health Research Centre, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Sohrab Amiri

  98. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

    Mohammad Amrollahi-Sharifabadi

  99. Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

    Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa

  100. Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria

    Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa

  101. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India

    Abhishek Anil

  102. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines

    Carl Abelardo T. Antonio

  103. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Catherine M. Antony, Xiaochen Dai, Luisa S. Flor, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ali H. Mokdad & Austin E. Schumacher

  104. Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria

    Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo & Yinka Doris Oluwafemi

  105. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria

    Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa

  106. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Jalal Arabloo

  107. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Ana Margarida Araújo

  108. Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency in Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia

    Irfan Ardani

  109. College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, USA

    Demelash Areda

  110. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    Demelash Areda

  111. Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy

    Benedetta Armocida

  112. University College of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Mahwish Arooj

  113. Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    Anton A. Artamonov

  114. Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia

    Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi

  115. Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR), Lahore, Pakistan

    Tahira Ashraf

  116. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia

    Muhammad Shahzad Aslam & Yun Jin Kim

  117. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran

    Seyyed Shamsadin Athari

  118. Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal

    Alok Atreya

  119. Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    Avinash Aujayeb

  120. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia

    Lemessa Assefa A. Ayana

  121. Department of Health Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

    Lemessa Assefa A. Ayana

  122. ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, USA

    Ahmed Y. Azzam

  123. Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt

    Ahmed Y. Azzam

  124. Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran

    Nayereh Baghcheghi

  125. College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR, USA

    Razieh Bahreini

  126. Clinical Research Center, Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing, China

    Ruhai Bai

  127. International Medical School, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia

    Atif Amin Baig

  128. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

    Maciej Banach

  129. Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland

    Maciej Banach

  130. Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Batman University, Batman, Turkey

    Mehmet Firat Baran

  131. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

    Mainak Bardhan

  132. Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia

    Amadou Barrow

  133. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Amadou Barrow & Delaney D. Ding

  134. Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Azadeh Bashiri

  135. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan & Nazila Rezaei

  136. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan

  137. Department of Biology, American University, Washington DC, USA

    Babak Behnam

  138. JBI Nigerian Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Computational Life Sciences, Floret, Advanced Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Lagos, Nigeria

    Babak Behnam

  139. Department of Pediatrics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Maryam Bemanalizadeh

  140. Department of Pediatric Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Maryam Bemanalizadeh

  141. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines

    Amiel Nazer C. Bermudez

  142. Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA

    Kebede A. Beyene

  143. School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Kebede A. Beyene

  144. Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA

    Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula

  145. Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Sonu Bhaskar

  146. Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan

    Sonu Bhaskar

  147. Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India

    Jasvinder Singh Bhatti

  148. Department of Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India

    Gurjit Kaur Bhatti

  149. Department of Health Behaviour, Environment and Social Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia

    Bagas Suryo Bintoro

  150. Center of Health and Behavior and Promotion, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia

    Bagas Suryo Bintoro

  151. Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Monirujjaman Biswas

  152. SAMRC/Wits Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science - PRICELESS SA, Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Micheal Kofi Boachie

  153. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

    Archith Boloor

  154. Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico

    Guilherme Borges

  155. Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria

    Souad Bouaoud

  156. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria

    Souad Bouaoud

  157. Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Andre R. Brunoni

  158. Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Andre R. Brunoni, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Arthur Caye & Yuan-Pang Wang

  159. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

    Richard A. Burns

  160. School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

    Yasser Bustanji

  161. Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Yasser Bustanji

  162. School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

    Zahid A. Butt

  163. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Zahid A. Butt

  164. Faculty of Health Sciences Healthcare Management Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

    Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay

  165. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania

    Daniela Calina

  166. Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Luis Alberto Cámera

  167. Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Luis Alberto Cámera

  168. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

    Chao Cao

  169. Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy

    Angelo Capodici

  170. Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal

    Márcia Carvalho

  171. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Márcia Carvalho

  172. Division of Country Health Policies and Systems (CPS), World Health Organisation, Trieste, Italy

    Giulio Castelpietra

  173. Quality of Care Service, Centre Neuchatelois de Psychiatrie, Neuchatel, Switzerland

    Giulio Castelpietra

  174. Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Arthur Caye

  175. Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India

    Chiranjib Chakraborty

  176. Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea

    Chiranjib Chakraborty

  177. Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

    Rama Mohan Chandika

  178. College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Jung-Chen Chang

  179. Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Jung-Chen Chang

  180. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Semey Medical University (SMU), Semey, Kazakhstan

    Vijay Kumar Chattu

  181. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India

    Vijay Kumar Chattu

  182. Department of Biology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Anis Ahmad Chaudhary

  183. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills, MI, USA

    Dhun Chauhan

  184. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA

    Dhun Chauhan

  185. Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India

    Akhilanand Chaurasia

  186. University of Sydney, Jinan, China

    Lingxiao Chen

  187. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

    Gerald Chi

  188. Department of Scientific Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Fatemeh Chichagi

  189. Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Patrick R. Ching

  190. Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru

    Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres

  191. Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Bryan Chong

  192. Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India

    Sonali Gajanan Choudhari

  193. Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Scott Richard Clark

  194. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

    Emanuele D’Amico

  195. Department of Health, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, South Australia, Australia

    Omid Dadras

  196. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Xiaochen Dai, Luisa S. Flor & Ali H. Mokdad

  197. Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia

    Samuel Demissie Darcho

  198. Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

    Paul I. Dargan

  199. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

    Paul I. Dargan

  200. Department of Environmental Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran

    Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani

  201. School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Daniel Demant

  202. School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Daniel Demant

  203. Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Emina Dervišević

  204. Clinical and Public Health Research, Independent Clinician Scientist and Public Health Researcher, Ahmedabad, India

    Hardik Dineshbhai Desai

  205. Public Health and Environment Research Centre (PERC), Lalitpur, Nepal

    Keshab Deuba

  206. Global Health Epidemiology Research Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

    Keshab Deuba

  207. Research and Development Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India

    Amol S. Dhane

  208. Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

    Sushil Dohare, Khalid Yaser Ghailan, Asim Mehmood, Pushp Lata Rajpoot, Farrukh Sobia & Joe Varghese

  209. Department of Cardiology, Hackettstown Medical Center, Hackettstown, NJ, USA

    Rajkumar Prakashbhai Doshi

  210. Newton Medical Center, Sparta, NJ, USA

    Rajkumar Prakashbhai Doshi

  211. Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, USA

    Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi

  212. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana

    Robert Kokou Dowou

  213. Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India

    Senbagam Duraisamy

  214. Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Ejemai Eboreime & Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini

  215. Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

    Ejemai Eboreime

  216. School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia

    Hisham Atan Edinur

  217. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia

    Kristina Edvardsson

  218. Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey

    Aziz Eftekharimehrabad

  219. Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku, Azerbaijan

    Aziz Eftekharimehrabad

  220. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Foolad Eghbali

  221. Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK

    Michael Ekholuenetale

  222. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Mohamed Ahmed Eladl

  223. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Mohamed Ahmed Eladl

  224. Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

    Rabie Adel El Arab

  225. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta City, Egypt

    Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy

  226. School of Public Health, Texila American University, Guyana, Guyana

    Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy

  227. College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea

    Muhammed Elhadi

  228. Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

    Muhammed Elhadi

  229. Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Ibrahim Elsohaby & Ginenus Fekadu

  230. Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Ibrahim Elsohaby

  231. Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Farshid Etaee & Roman Shrestha

  232. Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka

  233. Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa

    Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka

  234. Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Omotayo Francis Fagbule

  235. School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA

    Omotayo Francis Fagbule

  236. Department of Oral Biology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Ayesha Fahim

  237. Director of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev

  238. Department of Medicine, Korea Universit, Seoul, South Korea

    Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev

  239. Environmental Statistics Unit, National Institute of Statistics, Lisbon, Portugal

    Carla Sofia e. Sá Farinha

  240. Ecological Economics and Environmental Management, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    Carla Sofia e. Sá Farinha

  241. Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil

    Andre Faro

  242. School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia

    Ali Fatehizadeh

  243. Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Alireza Feizkhah

  244. Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia

    Ginenus Fekadu

  245. Social Epidemiology and Health Policy (SEHPO) Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

    Allegra Ferrari

  246. Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Nuno Ferreira

  247. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia

    Getahun Fetensa

  248. Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany

    Florian Fischer

  249. Department of Pharmacology, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Ida Fitriana

  250. Department of Pharmacology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran

    Behzad Foroutan

  251. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Celia Fortuna Rodrigues & João Pedro Silva

  252. Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Celia Fortuna Rodrigues

  253. Department of Neuroscience, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Ravenna, Italy

    Matteo Foschi

  254. Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

    Matteo Foschi

  255. Center for Social Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Joseph Friedman

  256. Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

    Takeshi Fukumoto

  257. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

    Peter Andras Gaal

  258. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania

    Peter Andras Gaal

  259. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India

    Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane

  260. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India

    Aravind P. Gandhi

  261. School of American Education, Institute of Health and Management, Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Balasankar Ganesan

  262. Swinburne University of Technology, School of Engineering, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Balasankar Ganesan

  263. Professional Services Division, Texas State Board of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, USA

    Prem Gautam

  264. Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia

    Miglas Welay Gebregergis

  265. College of Medicine and Public Health, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia

    Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel

  266. School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

    Amha Admasie Gelaye

  267. Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Genanew K. Getahun

  268. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Fataneh Ghadirian

  269. Department of Applied Health Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

    Leila Ghalichi

  270. Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, Kazakhstan

    Artyom Urievich Gil

  271. Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia

    Alem Abera Girmay

  272. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Ayman Grada

  273. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China

    Shi-Yang Guan

  274. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia

    Mesay Dechasa Gudeta

  275. Department of Psychiatry, Bronxcare Health System, Bronx, NY, USA

    Sasidhar Gunturu

  276. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Sasidhar Gunturu

  277. Department of Nephrology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India

    Anish Kumar Gupta

  278. Centre for Toxicovigilance and Drug Safety, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

    Anish Kumar Gupta

  279. Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Bhawna Gupta

  280. Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India

    Sapna Gupta

  281. Doctoral Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Roberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo

  282. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Rasool Haddadi

  283. Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Dariush Haghmorad

  284. Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Dariush Haghmorad

  285. Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia

    Ahmad Hammoud

  286. Trends and Analysis Sector, European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA), Lisbon, Portugal

    Senad Handanagic

  287. Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain

    Josep Maria Haro

  288. Department of Mental Health, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain

    Josep Maria Haro

  289. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

    Ahmed I. Hasaballah & Mohammed G. M. Zeariya

  290. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India

    Md Saquib Hasnain

  291. Department of Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology, Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Khedidja Hedna

  292. School of Environmental and Health Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

    Khedidja Hedna

  293. Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

    Mohammad Heidari

  294. Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen

    Kamal Hezam

  295. School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

    Kamal Hezam

  296. Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mohammad Bellal Hossain

  297. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

    Sorin Hostiuc

  298. Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania

    Sorin Hostiuc

  299. Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

    Mihaela Hostiuc

  300. Department of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Chengxi Hu

  301. Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Junjie Huang

  302. Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research Service, Aberdeen, Scotland

    Adalia Ikiroma

  303. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana

    Mustapha Immurana

  304. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Arit Inok

  305. Department of Physiology, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

    Farideh Iravanpour

  306. Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Lalu Muhammad Irham

  307. Department of Nutrition, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

    Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam

  308. School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Md Rabiul Islam

  309. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France

    Louis Jacob

  310. Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain

    Louis Jacob

  311. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain

    Haitham Jahrami

  312. Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain

    Haitham Jahrami

  313. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Akhil Jain

  314. Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

    Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun

  315. Department of Behavioral Health, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY, USA

    Sanobar Jaka

  316. School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA

    Sanobar Jaka

  317. Department of Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

    Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh

  318. Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

    Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe

  319. Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India

    Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe

  320. Department of Public Health, Shanghai City Huangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shanghai City Huangpu District Health Supervision Bureau), Shanghai, China

    Zixiang Ji

  321. UC Davis Eye Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA

    Mohammad Mehdi Johari Moghadam

  322. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

    Nitin Joseph, Prasanna Mithra & Rohith Motappa

  323. Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria

    Charity Ehimwenma Joshua

  324. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland

    Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak

  325. Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

    K. Vaishali

  326. Research Department, TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

    Zubair Kabir

  327. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Zubair Kabir

  328. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Karad, India

    Vidya Kadashetti

  329. Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

    Ebbie Kalan

  330. NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

    Sivesh Kathir Kamarajah

  331. Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

    Ashwin Kamath

  332. Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Edmund Wedam Kanmiki

  333. Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

    Edmund Wedam Kanmiki

  334. Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi

  335. College of Health Sciences, Caleb Univeristy, Imota, Nigeria

    Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi

  336. The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New York University, New York, NY, USA

    Rami S. Kantar

  337. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science Nagpur, Nagpur, India

    Neeti Kapoor

  338. Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Yeganeh Karimi

  339. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Salah Eddin Karimi

  340. School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi

  341. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria

    Gbenga A. Kayode

  342. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

    Gbenga A. Kayode

  343. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India

    Himanshu Khajuria & Biswa Prakash Nayak

  344. Health Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

    Asaad Khalid

  345. National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan

    Asaad Khalid

  346. BDStatistics Center for Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mohammad Jobair Khan

  347. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

    Mohammad Jobair Khan

  348. Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman

    Ajmal Khan & Atta Ullah

  349. College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK

    Khaled Khatab

  350. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, USA

    Khaled Khatab

  351. Faculty of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan

    Haitham Khatatbeh

  352. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan

    Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh

  353. Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

    Manoj Khokhar

  354. Department of Pharmacology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

    Zemene Demelash Kifle

  355. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway

    Adnan Kisa

  356. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Adnan Kisa

  357. Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India

    K. M. Shivakumar

  358. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ali-Asghar Kolahi & Ali Nikoobar

  359. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran

    Hamid Reza Koohestani

  360. Department of Public Health, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

    Michal Koscik

  361. Department of Epidemiology, IQVIA, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Karel Kostev

  362. University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany

    Karel Kostev

  363. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India

    Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana

  364. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    Kewal Krishan

  365. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India

    Varun Krishna

  366. Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Vijay Krishnamoorthy

  367. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Vijay Krishnamoorthy

  368. Evidence Synthesis Unit, Partnership for Research, Opportunity, Planning, Upskilling, and Leadership (PROPUL) Evidence, Chennai, India

    Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy

  369. Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammed Kuddus

  370. University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana

    Nuworza Kugbey

  371. Department of Research Management, Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Mukhtar Kulimbet

  372. Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India

    Dewesh Kumar

  373. Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia

    Rakesh Kumar

  374. Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, New York University, New York, NY, USA

    Manasi Kumar

  375. Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

    Manasi Kumar

  376. Public Health Department, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

    Satyajit Kundu

  377. Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Dian Kusuma

  378. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

    Dian Kusuma

  379. Capstone College of Nursing, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

    Evans F. Kyei

  380. Department of Environment and Public Health, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana

    Frank Kyei-Arthur

  381. Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

    Ville Kytö

  382. Heart Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

    Ville Kytö

  383. Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

    Francesco Lanfranchi

  384. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India

    Savita Lasrado

  385. Health Economics Division, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Long Khanh-Dao Le

  386. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

    Caterina Ledda

  387. Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea

    Seung Won Lee

  388. Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

    Wei-Chen Lee

  389. Knowledge Translation Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Samson Mideksa Legesse

  390. Tsinghua Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Zhihui Li

  391. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

    Zhihui Li

  392. Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

    Virendra S. Ligade

  393. International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Jialing Lin

  394. Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany

    Erand Llanaj

  395. German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany

    Erand Llanaj

  396. Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Bengaluru, India

    Ashwini Lonimath

  397. School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil

    Giancarlo Lucchetti

  398. School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA

    Karsten Lunze

  399. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

    Mahmoud Mabrok

  400. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, King Salman International University, South of Sinai, Egypt

    Mahmoud Mabrok

  401. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mehrdad Mahalleh

  402. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Azeem Majeed

  403. Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Deborah Carvalho Malta & Elton Junio Sady Prates

  404. Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal

    Bishnu P. Marasini & Ashok Pandey

  405. Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

    Bishnu P. Marasini

  406. School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Joemer C. Maravilla

  407. Far Eastern University, Manila, Philippines

    Joemer C. Maravilla

  408. Department of Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA

    Ramon Martinez-Piedra

  409. Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain

    Jose Martinez-Raga

  410. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Jose Martinez-Raga & Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos

  411. Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Roy Rillera Marzo

  412. Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

    Roy Rillera Marzo

  413. Research Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India

    Pallab K. Maulik

  414. School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Pallab K. Maulik

  415. Department of Preventive Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Jitendra Kumar Meena

  416. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia

    Hadush Negash Meles

  417. Department of Pathology - Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

    Ritesh G. Menezes

  418. Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

    Tuomo J. Meretoja

  419. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Tuomo J. Meretoja

  420. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia

    Tomislav Mestrovic

  421. Ronald F. Inglehart Laboratory for Comparative Social Research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Peter Meylakhs

  422. The Center for Drug Use and HIV Research (CDUHR), New York University, New York, NY, USA

    Peter Meylakhs

  423. Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

    Irmina Maria Michalek

  424. College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA

    Ted R. Miller

  425. Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy

    Giuseppe Minervini

  426. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India

    Giuseppe Minervini & Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone

  427. Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India

    GK Mini

  428. Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India

    GK Mini

  429. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania

    Andreea Mirica

  430. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

    Erkin M. Mirrakhimov

  431. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

    Erkin M. Mirrakhimov

  432. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

    Babak Moazen & Shafiu Mohammed

  433. Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan

    Nouh Saad Mohamed

  434. Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan

    Nouh Saad Mohamed

  435. College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia

    Jama Mohamed

  436. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    Shafiu Mohammed

  437. Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

    Mustapha Mohammed

  438. Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha University, Chennai, India

    Syam Mohan

  439. School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India

    Syam Mohan

  440. Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy

    Sabrina Molinaro

  441. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy

    Lorenzo Monasta

  442. AI and Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia

    Mohammad Ali Moni

  443. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Mohammad Ali Moni

  444. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf

  445. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

    Yousef Moradi

  446. Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Majid Motaghinejad

  447. Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

    Amin Mousavi Khaneghah

  448. Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands

    Sumaira Mubarik

  449. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Sumaira Mubarik & Chuanhua Yu

  450. Department of Health Economics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India

    Malaisamy Muniyandi

  451. Department of Community and Global Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan

  452. Department of Research Methods, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India

    Sathish Muthu

  453. Central Research Laboratory, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India

    Sathish Muthu

  454. Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

    Woojae Myung

  455. Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea

    Woojae Myung

  456. Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

    Pirouz Naghavi

  457. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia

    Mukhammad David Naimzada

  458. Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia

    Mukhammad David Naimzada

  459. Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Soroush Najdaghi & Delaram Narimani Davani

  460. Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Soroush Najdaghi

  461. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Shumaila Nargus

  462. School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Gustavo G. Nascimento

  463. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Zuhair S. Natto

  464. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Javaid Nauman

  465. Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Javaid Nauman

  466. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

    Vinod C. Nayak

  467. Department of Health Promotion, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

    Athare Nazri-Panjaki

  468. Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study (HIAS), Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan

    Phuong The Nguyen

  469. Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan

    Phuong The Nguyen

  470. School of Medicine, Health research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

    Vikram Niranjan

  471. Department of Public Health, UNICAF, Larnaca, Cyprus

    Vikram Niranjan

  472. Center for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK

    Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi

  473. Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor

  474. Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh

    Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor

  475. Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

    Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi

  476. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

    Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam

  477. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria

    Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam

  478. Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

    Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam

  479. Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

    Bogdan Oancea

  480. Bioinformatics Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania

    Bogdan Oancea

  481. James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia

    Kehinde O. Obamiro

  482. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

    Ismail A. Odetokun

  483. Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA

    Michael Safo Oduro

  484. Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

    Akinyemi O. D. Ofakunrin

  485. Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria

    Akinyemi O. D. Ofakunrin

  486. University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Sylvester Reuben Okeke

  487. Cardiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira

  488. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam

    Ahmed Omar Bali

  489. Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Ahmed Omar Bali

  490. Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

    Michal Ordak

  491. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana

    Verner N. Orish

  492. Sickle Cell Unit, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana

    Verner N. Orish

  493. One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador

    Esteban Ortiz-Prado

  494. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia

    Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu

  495. Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

    Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu

  496. Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria

    Amel Ouyahia

  497. Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria

    Amel Ouyahia

  498. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India

    P. A. Mahesh

  499. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

    Jagadish Rao Padubidri & Pavanchand H. Shetty

  500. Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain

    Raul Felipe Palma-Alvarez

  501. Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain

    Raul Felipe Palma-Alvarez

  502. Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India

    Sujogya Kumar Panda

  503. School of Sciences, School of Sciences, Noida International University, Greater Noida, India

    Deepshikha Pande Katare

  504. Research Department, Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal

    Ashok Pandey

  505. Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India

    Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal

  506. Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India

    Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal

  507. Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

    Georgios D. Panos

  508. 1st Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Georgios D. Panos

  509. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece

    Ioannis Pantazopoulos

  510. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Ioannis Pantazopoulos

  511. Department of Science and Mathematics, Deree-The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece

    Paraskevi Papadopoulou

  512. Department of Biophysics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Paraskevi Papadopoulou

  513. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK

    Shahina Pardhan

  514. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India

    Utsav Parekh

  515. Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Romil R. Parikh

  516. Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea

    Sungchul Park

  517. School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Ava Pashaei

  518. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

    Roberto Passera

  519. Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (AOU City of Health and Science of Turin), Torino, Italy

    Roberto Passera

  520. Department of Research and Training, Population Council Institute, New Delhi, India

    Sangram Kishor Patel

  521. Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Jay Patel

  522. College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, USA

    Shankargouda Patil

  523. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Shrikant Pawar

  524. Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi

  525. Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi

  526. School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia

    Amy E. Peden

  527. College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia

    Amy E. Peden

  528. Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Prince Peprah

  529. School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia

    Gavin Pereira

  530. Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

    Gavin Pereira

  531. Department of Applied Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Maria Odete Pereira

  532. Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil

    Marcos Pereira

  533. Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Simone Perna

  534. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Hoang Nhat Pham

  535. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Hoang Nhat Pham

  536. School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman

    Anil K. Philip

  537. Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Michael R. Phillips

  538. Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Michael R. Phillips

  539. Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia

    Evgenii Plotnikov

  540. Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia

    Evgenii Plotnikov

  541. Department of Data Management and Analysis, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India

    Ramesh Poluru

  542. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Akram Pourshams

  543. Independent Consultant, Seattle, WA, USA

    Disha Prabhu

  544. Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Jagadeesh Puvvula

  545. Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Akron, OH, USA

    Ibrahim Qattea

  546. Department of Medical Biology, Kocaeli University, Izmit, Turkey

    Fakher Rahim

  547. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Sarvenaz Rahimibarghani

  548. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar

  549. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria, Australia

    Muhammad Aziz Rahman

  550. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar, Oman

    Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman

  551. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

    Mosiur Rahman

  552. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan

    Amir Masoud Rahmani

  553. Department of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Rayan Rajabi

  554. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan

  555. Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan

  556. Department of Population Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Majed Ramadan

  557. Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy

  558. Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Defence in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Nemanja Rancic

  559. Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia

    Nemanja Rancic

  560. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India

    Smitha Rani

  561. Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani

  562. Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

    Devarajan Rathish

  563. Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Santosh Kumar Rauniyar

  564. Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

    Ilari Rautalin

  565. The National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    Ilari Rautalin

  566. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, UK

    David Laith Rawaf

  567. Inovus Medical, St Helens, UK

    David Laith Rawaf

  568. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

    Mohsen Rezaeian

  569. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA

    Taeho Gregory Rhee

  570. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Taeho Gregory Rhee

  571. Department of Clinical Research, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

    Leonardo Roever

  572. Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon

    Leonardo Roever

  573. Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India

    Ravi Rohilla

  574. Miyan Research Institute, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Moustaq Karim Khan Rony

  575. College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Kevin T. Root

  576. College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

    Allen Guy Patrick Ross

  577. Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

    Himanshu Sekhar Rout & Chandan Kumar Swain

  578. RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

    Himanshu Sekhar Rout

  579. Research Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, India

    Shubhanjali Roy

  580. Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil

    Guilherme de Andrade Ruela

  581. Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA

    Cameron John Sabet

  582. Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Basema Ahmad Saddik

  583. Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Masoumeh Sadeghi

  584. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, International Medical University, Gdańsk, Poland

    Mohammad Reza Saeb

  585. Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary

    Umar Saeed

  586. Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Cyprus, Turkey

    Umar Saeed

  587. Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Rajesh Sagar

  588. Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India

    Amirhossein Sahebkar

  589. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Amirhossein Sahebkar

  590. Symbiosis Centre for Behavioural Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India

    Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo

  591. College of Pharmacy, Al-Hadba University, Mosul, Iraq

    S. Mohammad Sajadi

  592. Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan

    Mirza Rizwan Sajid

  593. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

    Afeez Abolarinwa Salami

  594. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

    Afeez Abolarinwa Salami

  595. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Mohamed A. Saleh

  596. Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Mohamed A. Saleh

  597. Department of Community, Psychiatric, and Mental Health Nursing, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia

    Dauda Salihu

  598. Department of Global Initiatives, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA

    Giovanni A. Salum

  599. Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Giovanni A. Salum

  600. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

    Abdallah M. Samy

  601. Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

    Abdallah M. Samy

  602. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Jovana Todorovic & Isidora S. Vujcic

  603. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Milena M. Santric-Milicevic

  604. Research Development Coordination Section, Pakistan Health Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib

  605. School of Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib

  606. Department of Public Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran

    Yaser Sarikhani

  607. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Yaser Sarikhani

  608. Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India

    Sachin C. Sarode & Gargi Sachin Sarode

  609. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

    Maheswar Satpathy

  610. Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India

    Maheswar Satpathy

  611. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA

    Monika Sawhney

  612. Psychiatry Clinic, Holy Savior Armenian Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

    Mete Saylan

  613. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

    David C. Schwebel

  614. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

    Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie

  615. School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

    Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie

  616. Department of Medicine, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India

    Yashendra Sethi

  617. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA

    Allen Seylani

  618. Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

    Abubakar Sha’aban

  619. Department of Neuroscience, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Mohammad Shabani

  620. Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mahan Shafie

  621. Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

    Amira A. Shaheen

  622. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Samiah Shahid

  623. Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Samiah Shahid

  624. Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

    Moyad Jamal Shahwan

  625. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan

    Masood Ali Shaikh

  626. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA

    Sunder Sham

  627. School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

    Mehran Shams-Beyranvand

  628. Science Department, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Alfiya Shamsutdinova

  629. Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria

    Amin Sharifan

  630. Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador

    Javad Sharifi Rad

  631. Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA

    Manoj Sharma

  632. Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India

    Ujjawal Sharma

  633. Institute of Forensic Science and Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    Vishal Sharma

  634. School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Sheidaei

  635. Quantitative Department, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran

    Ali Sheidaei

  636. Alva’s Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Moodubidire, India

    Mahabalesh Shetty

  637. Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

    Premalatha K. ShettyS

  638. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria

    Aminu Shittu

  639. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Seyed Afshin Shorofi

  640. Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Seyed Afshin Shorofi

  641. Department of Research and Academics, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal

    Sunil Shrestha

  642. Person-Centered Research, Monash University, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia

    Sunil Shrestha

  643. Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan

    Emmanuel Edwar Siddig

  644. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands

    Emmanuel Edwar Siddig

  645. Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Inga Dora Sigfusdottir

  646. Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Inga Dora Sigfusdottir

  647. Sport Physical Activity and Health Research and Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal

    Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva

  648. RISE Health, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal

    Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva

  649. School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Jasvinder A. Singh

  650. Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, USA

    Jasvinder A. Singh

  651. Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India

    Baljinder Singh

  652. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India

    Paramdeep Singh

  653. Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India

    Harmanjit Singh

  654. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

    Surjit Singh

  655. Books Committee, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, UK

    Valentin Yurievich Skryabin

  656. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia

    Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina

  657. Department of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

    Matiwos Soboka

  658. School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Soroush Soraneh

  659. School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

    Soroush Soraneh

  660. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain

    Joan B. Soriano

  661. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network), Madrid, Spain

    Joan B. Soriano

  662. Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK

    Ireneous N. Soyiri

  663. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy

  664. Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia

    Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy

  665. SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Dan J. Stein

  666. Department of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

    Vetriselvan Subramaniyan

  667. Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

    Muhammad Suleman

  668. Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Vinay Suresh

  669. Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland

    Lukasz Szarpak

  670. Collegium Medicum, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland

    Lukasz Szarpak

  671. Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland

    Payam Tabaee Damavandi

  672. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain

    Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos

  673. Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei

  674. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei

  675. Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

    Mircea Tampa

  676. Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania

    Mircea Tampa

  677. Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Ker-Kan Tan

  678. Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

    Minale Tareke

  679. College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Reem Temsah

  680. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mohamad-Hani Temsah

  681. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mohamad-Hani Temsah

  682. Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Masayuki Teramoto

  683. Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India

    Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan

  684. Department of Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Tenaw Yimer Tiruye

  685. Public Health Department, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia

    Tenaw Yimer Tiruye

  686. Mental Health Department, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    Marco Torrado

  687. Hospital CUF Tejo, Lisbon, Portugal

    Marco Torrado

  688. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Thang Huu Tran

  689. Department of Business Analytics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA

    Thang Huu Tran

  690. Research and Advocacy Initiative, ALS Vietnam, Quang Ngai, Vietnam

    Nguyen Tran Minh Duc

  691. Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

    Samuel Joseph Tromans

  692. Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service Trust, Leicester, UK

    Samuel Joseph Tromans

  693. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Alexander C. Tsai

  694. Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

    Alexander C. Tsai & Anthony Zhong

  695. Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece

    Aristidis Tsatsakis

  696. Department of Occupational Health and Safety, University of Development, Surabaya, Indonesia

    Abdul Rohim Tualeka

  697. Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu

  698. Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria

    Aniefiok John Udoakang

  699. International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

    Saeed Ullah

  700. Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Saeed Ullah

  701. College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain

    Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan

  702. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Jef Van den Eynde

  703. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland

    Tommi Juhani Vasankari

  704. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

    Tommi Juhani Vasankari

  705. Department of Infectious Disease, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Siavash Vaziri

  706. Department of Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Georgios-Ioannis Verras

  707. College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Georgios-Ioannis Verras

  708. Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Manish Vinayak

  709. NUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Yasir Waheed

  710. Széchenyi István University, Gyor, Hungary

    Yasir Waheed

  711. Department of Psychiatry, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia

    Mandaras Tariku Walde

  712. Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China

    Shu Wang

  713. Department of Neurosurgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Shu Wang

  714. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

    Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe

  715. Department of Nursing, Universitas Aisyiyah Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia

    Angga Wilandika

  716. Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria

    Zwanden Sule Yahaya

  717. Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India

    Renjulal Yesodharan

  718. Department of Epidemiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China

    Dehui Yin

  719. Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Paul Yip

  720. Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Paul Yip

  721. Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan

    Naohiro Yonemoto

  722. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan

    Naohiro Yonemoto

  723. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria

    Hadiza Yusuf

  724. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen

    Fathiah Zakham

  725. Sant’Elia Hospital, University of Catania, Caltanissetta, Italy

    Aurora Zanghì

  726. Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammed G. M. Zeariya

  727. School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Haijun Zhang

  728. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Haijun Zhang

  729. School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi ‘an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

    Jingya Zhang

  730. School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China

    Bin Zhu

  731. Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

    Magdalena Zielińska

  732. Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine

    Sa’ed H. Zyoud

Authors
  1. Jiseung Kang
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  2. Hyeon Jin Kim
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  3. Min Seo Kim
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  4. Jae Il Shin
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  5. Dong Keon Yon
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Consortia

GBD 2023 Substance Use Collaborators

  • Jiseung Kang
  • , Hyeon Jin Kim
  • , Min Seo Kim
  • , Jae Il Shin
  • , Dong Keon Yon
  • , Hasan Aalruz
  • , Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate
  • , Nasir Abbas
  • , Mohammadreza Abbasian
  • , Samar Abd ElHafeez
  • , Michael Abdelmasseh
  • , Arash Abdollahi
  • , Mohammad Abdollahi
  • , Meriem Abdoun
  • , Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga
  • , Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun
  • , Olumide Abiodun
  • , Richard Gyan Aboagye
  • , Dariush Abtahi
  • , Ibrahim Jatau Abubakar
  • , Bilyaminu Abubakar
  • , Eman Abu-Gharbieh
  • , Salahdein Aburuz
  • , Ahmed Abu-Zaid
  • , Mesafint Molla Adane
  • , Isaac Yeboah Addo
  • , Olumide Thomas Adeleke
  • , Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi
  • , Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa
  • , Kishor Adhikari
  • , Muhammad Sohail Afzal
  • , Saira Afzal
  • , Williams Agyemang-Duah
  • , Aqeel Ahmad
  • , Sajjad Ahmad
  • , Danish Ahmad
  • , Ali Ahmadi
  • , Syed Anees Ahmed
  • , Haroon Ahmed
  • , Muktar Beshir Ahmed
  • , Ayman Ahmed
  • , Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed
  • , Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif
  • , Muaaz M. Alajlani
  • , Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer
  • , Mohammed Albashtawy
  • , Wafa A. Aldhaleei
  • , Abdelazeem M. Algammal
  • , Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa
  • , Mohammed Usman Ali
  • , Liaqat Ali
  • , Syed Shujait Ali
  • , Mohammad Daud Ali
  • , Sheikh Mohammad Alif
  • , Samah W. Al-Jabi
  • , Ahmad Alrawashdeh
  • , Rami H. Al-Rifai
  • , Sahel Majed Alrousan
  • , Najim Z. Alshahrani
  • , Alaa B. Al-Tammemi
  • , Yazan Al Thaher
  • , Nelson Alvis-Guzman
  • , Mohammad Al-Wardat
  • , Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi
  • , Hany Aly
  • , Karem H. Alzoubi
  • , Walid A. Al-Zyoud
  • , Sohrab Amiri
  • , Mohammad Amrollahi-Sharifabadi
  • , Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa
  • , Abhishek Anil
  • , Carl Abelardo T. Antonio
  • , Catherine M. Antony
  • , Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa
  • , Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa
  • , Jalal Arabloo
  • , Ana Margarida Araújo
  • , Irfan Ardani
  • , Demelash Areda
  • , Benedetta Armocida
  • , Mahwish Arooj
  • , Anton A. Artamonov
  • , Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi
  • , Tahira Ashraf
  • , Muhammad Shahzad Aslam
  • , Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
  • , Alok Atreya
  • , Avinash Aujayeb
  • , Lemessa Assefa A. Ayana
  • , Ahmed Y. Azzam
  • , Nayereh Baghcheghi
  • , Nasser Bagheri
  • , Razieh Bahreini
  • , Ruhai Bai
  • , Atif Amin Baig
  • , Maciej Banach
  • , Mehmet Firat Baran
  • , Mainak Bardhan
  • , Hiba Jawdat Barqawiil
  • , Amadou Barrow
  • , Azadeh Bashiri
  • , Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan
  • , Babak Behnam
  • , Maryam Bemanalizadeh
  • , Amiel Nazer C. Bermudez
  • , Kebede A. Beyene
  • , Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
  • , Sonu Bhaskar
  • , Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
  • , Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
  • , Bagas Suryo Bintoro
  • , Monirujjaman Biswas
  • , Micheal Kofi Boachie
  • , Archith Boloor
  • , Guilherme Borges
  • , Souad Bouaoud
  • , Andre R. Brunoni
  • , Richard A. Burns
  • , Yasser Bustanji
  • , Zahid A. Butt
  • , Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay
  • , Daniela Calina
  • , Luis Alberto Cámera
  • , Chao Cao
  • , Angelo Capodici
  • , Márcia Carvalho
  • , Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
  • , Giulio Castelpietra
  • , Arthur Caye
  • , Chiranjib Chakraborty
  • , Rama Mohan Chandika
  • , Jung-Chen Chang
  • , Vijay Kumar Chattu
  • , Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
  • , Dhun Chauhan
  • , Akhilanand Chaurasia
  • , Lingxiao Chen
  • , Gerald Chi
  • , Fatemeh Chichagi
  • , Patrick R. Ching
  • , Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres
  • , Bryan Chong
  • , Sonali Gajanan Choudhari
  • , Scott Richard Clark
  • , Emanuele D’Amico
  • , Omid Dadras
  • , Xiaochen Dai
  • , Samuel Demissie Darcho
  • , Paul I. Dargan
  • , Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani
  • , Daniel Demant
  • , Emina Dervišević
  • , Hardik Dineshbhai Desai
  • , Keshab Deuba
  • , Amol S. Dhane
  • , Delaney D. Ding
  • , Sushil Dohare
  • , Rajkumar Prakashbhai Doshi
  • , Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi
  • , Robert Kokou Dowou
  • , Senbagam Duraisamy
  • , Ejemai Eboreime
  • , Hisham Atan Edinur
  • , Kristina Edvardsson
  • , Aziz Eftekharimehrabad
  • , Foolad Eghbali
  • , Michael Ekholuenetale
  • , Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo
  • , Mohamed Ahmed Eladl
  • , Rabie Adel El Arab
  • , Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy
  • , Muhammed Elhadi
  • , Ibrahim Elsohaby
  • , Farshid Etaee
  • , Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka
  • , Omotayo Francis Fagbule
  • , Ayesha Fahim
  • , Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev
  • , Carla Sofia e. Sá Farinha
  • , Andre Faro
  • , Ali Fatehizadeh
  • , Alireza Feizkhah
  • , Ginenus Fekadu
  • , Allegra Ferrari
  • , Nuno Ferreira
  • , Getahun Fetensa
  • , Florian Fischer
  • , Ida Fitriana
  • , Luisa S. Flor
  • , Behzad Foroutan
  • , Celia Fortuna Rodrigues
  • , Matteo Foschi
  • , Joseph Friedman
  • , Takeshi Fukumoto
  • , Peter Andras Gaal
  • , Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane
  • , Aravind P. Gandhi
  • , Balasankar Ganesan
  • , Prem Gautam
  • , Miglas Welay Gebregergis
  • , Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel
  • , Amha Admasie Gelaye
  • , Genanew K. Getahun
  • , Fataneh Ghadirian
  • , Khalid Yaser Ghailan
  • , Leila Ghalichi
  • , Artyom Urievich Gil
  • , Alem Abera Girmay
  • , Ayman Grada
  • , Shi-Yang Guan
  • , Mesay Dechasa Gudeta
  • , Sasidhar Gunturu
  • , Anish Kumar Gupta
  • , Bhawna Gupta
  • , Sapna Gupta
  • , Roberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo
  • , Rasool Haddadi
  • , Dariush Haghmorad
  • , Ahmad Hammoud
  • , Senad Handanagic
  • , Josep Maria Haro
  • , Ahmed I. Hasaballah
  • , Md Saquib Hasnain
  • , Khedidja Hedna
  • , Mohammad Heidari
  • , Kamal Hezam
  • , Mohammad Bellal Hossain
  • , Sorin Hostiuc
  • , Mihaela Hostiuc
  • , Chengxi Hu
  • , Junjie Huang
  • , Adalia Ikiroma
  • , Mustapha Immurana
  • , Arit Inok
  • , Farideh Iravanpour
  • , Lalu Muhammad Irham
  • , Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
  • , Md Rabiul Islam
  • , Louis Jacob
  • , Haitham Jahrami
  • , Akhil Jain
  • , Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun
  • , Sanobar Jaka
  • , Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh
  • , Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe
  • , Zixiang Ji
  • , Mohammad Mehdi Johari Moghadam
  • , Nitin Joseph
  • , Charity Ehimwenma Joshua
  • , Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
  • , K. Vaishali
  • , Zubair Kabir
  • , Vidya Kadashetti
  • , Ebbie Kalan
  • , Sivesh Kathir Kamarajah
  • , Ashwin Kamath
  • , Edmund Wedam Kanmiki
  • , Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi
  • , Rami S. Kantar
  • , Neeti Kapoor
  • , Yeganeh Karimi
  • , Salah Eddin Karimi
  • , Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
  • , Gbenga A. Kayode
  • , Himanshu Khajuria
  • , Asaad Khalid
  • , Mohammad Jobair Khan
  • , Ajmal Khan
  • , Khaled Khatab
  • , Haitham Khatatbeh
  • , Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh
  • , Manoj Khokhar
  • , Zemene Demelash Kifle
  • , Yun Jin Kim
  • , Adnan Kisa
  • , K. M. Shivakumar
  • , Ali-Asghar Kolahi
  • , Hamid Reza Koohestani
  • , Michal Koscik
  • , Karel Kostev
  • , Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana
  • , Kewal Krishan
  • , Varun Krishna
  • , Vijay Krishnamoorthy
  • , Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy
  • , Mohammed Kuddus
  • , Nuworza Kugbey
  • , Mukhtar Kulimbet
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  • , Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina
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  • , Payam Tabaee Damavandi
  • , Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
  • , Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei
  • , Mircea Tampa
  • , Ker-Kan Tan
  • , Minale Tareke
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  • , Reem Temsah
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  • , Tenaw Yimer Tiruye
  • , Jovana Todorovic
  • , Marco Torrado
  • , Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone
  • , Thang Huu Tran
  • , Nguyen Tran Minh Duc
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  • , Alexander C. Tsai
  • , Aristidis Tsatsakis
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  • , Saeed Ullah
  • , Atta Ullah
  • , Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan
  • , Jef Van den Eynde
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  • , Tommi Juhani Vasankari
  • , Siavash Vaziri
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  • , Manish Vinayak
  • , Isidora S. Vujcic
  • , Yasir Waheed
  • , Mandaras Tariku Walde
  • , Yuan-Pang Wang
  • , Shu Wang
  • , Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe
  • , Angga Wilandika
  • , Zwanden Sule Yahaya
  • , Renjulal Yesodharan
  • , Dehui Yin
  • , Paul Yip
  • , Naohiro Yonemoto
  • , Chuanhua Yu
  • , Hadiza Yusuf
  • , Fathiah Zakham
  • , Aurora Zanghì
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  • , Haijun Zhang
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  • , Bin Zhu
  • , Magdalena Zielińska
  •  & Sa’ed H. Zyoud

Contributions

J.K., H.J.K., M.S.K., J.I.S. and D.K.Y. conceptualized and designed the study. J.K., H.J.K., M.S.K., J.I.S. and D.K.Y. were responsible for the methodology. J.K., H.J.K., M.S.K., J.I.S. and D.K.Y. were responsible for data acquisition. J.K., H.J.K., M.S.K., J.I.S. and D.K.Y. performed statistical analysis and data curation. J.K., H.J.K., M.S.K., J.I.S. and D.K.Y. performed the validation. J.K., H.J.K., M.S.K., J.I.S. and D.K.Y. were responsible for data interpretation. J.K., H.J.K., M.S.K., J.I.S. and D.K.Y. performed the visualization. J.K., H.J.K., M.S.K., J.I.S. and D.K.Y. were responsible for managing the estimation or publications process. J.K., H.J.K. and M.S.K. wrote the original draft of the paper. All authors provided critical revision to the paper. J.I.S. and D.K.Y. supervised the study. J.I.S. and D.K.Y. were responsible for project administration. J.I.S. and D.K.Y. were responsible for funding acquisition. Contributions by the GBD 2023 Global Substance Use Collaborators are described in Supplementary Information.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jae Il Shin or Dong Keon Yon.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

S. Afzal reports support for the present manuscript from the Institute of Public Health Lahore; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the Dean Institute of Public Health Lahore; support for attending meetings and travel from the Dean Institute of Public Health Lahore; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Pakistan National Bioethics Committee, Institution Review Board of Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Ethical Review Board and Data Monitoring Board with the Institute of Public Health Lahore Pakistan, and is in charge of the Clinical Research Organization King Edward Medical University; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with Pakistan Higher Education Commission Research Committee, Pakistan Medical and Dental Research Commission Research and Journals Committee, Pakistan Society of Internal medicine, Pakistan Association of Medical Editors, Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society, Fellow of Leads International, Fellow of Faculty of Public Heath UK and Fellow of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from the Bergen University of Norway for research writing; and other financial or nonfinancial interests from Dean Public Health and Preventive Medicine King Edward Medical University; outside the submitted work. M.S. Aslam reports two grants from Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund (XMUMRF). Grant no.: XMUMRF/2025-C15/ITCM/0006. Project title: Therapeutic and Toxicity Evaluation of Selected Medicinal Herbs for NAFLD: Exploring the Inter-Organelle Contact Sites Modulation. Theory Role: Co-Investigator Dates: January 2025–December 2027 (ongoing). Internal XMUMRF research grant administered by Xiamen University Malaysia, funds disbursed to institutional research accounts only; no salary, honoraria or personal payments to author. Grant no.: XMUMRF/2023-C11/ISEM/0041. Project title: Children’s Rights Education in the Early Years of Divorce: An Exploration of Adolescents’ Perspectives. Role: Co-Investigator Dates: January 2023–December 2025 (ongoing). Internal XMUMRF research grant administered by Xiamen University Malaysia; funds disbursed to institutional research account only; no salary, honoraria or personal payments to author; all outside the submitted work. A.S.B. reports support for attending meetings and/or travel to the American Public Health Conference 2022, 2023 and 2024; American College of Epidemiology 2023, 2024 and 2025; Military Health System Conference 2024; and from the University of Virginia Biomedical Data Science Innovation Lab and Seminar series; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as a member of the Board of Directors of the American College of Epidemiology 2024–present; former co-chair of the Publications Committee of the American College of Epidemiology in 2023 and 2024; liaison for the Publications Committee of the American College of Epidemiology in 2024 and 2025; Communications Chair for the American Public Health Association, Health Informatics and Information Technology Section; Associate Editor, Annals of Epidemiology Journal; all outside of the submitted work. S.B. reports grants or contracts from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI; Grant ID 23KF0126), JSPS and the Australian Academy of Science, JSPS International Fellowship (Grant ID P23712); leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, as District Chair, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Belonging of Rotary District 9675 (Sydney, Australia), as Chair, Founding Member and Manager of the Global Health & Migration Hub Community, Global Health Hub Germany (Berlin, Germany), as Editorial Board Member of PLOS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, Journal of Aging Research, Neurology International, Diagnostics and BMC Medical Research Methodology; as a member of the College of Reviewers, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Government of Canada; as the Director of Research of World Headache Society (Bengaluru, India); as Expert Adviser/Reviewer of Cariplo Foundation (Milan, Italy); as Visiting Director of National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Neurology, Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Suita (Osaka, Japan); as Member, Scientific Review Committee of Cardiff University Biobank (Cardiff, UK); as Chair of Rotary Reconciliation Action Plan; and Healthcare and Medical Adviser at Japan Connect (Osaka, Japan); outside the submitted work. A. Caye reports consulting fees from EMS, Knight Therapeutics; outside the submitted work. S.R.C. reports grants or contracts from Janssen Cilag Australia Investigator Initiated Research Grants; Australian NHMRC, MMRF Research Grants; NIMH Research Grants; and XWPharma contract research; all funds paid to the University of Adelaide; consulting fees from Insight Timer and Preventative Health SA; all funds paid to the University of Adelaide; and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscripts writing or educational events from Servier, Lundbeck-Otsuka, all funds paid to the University of Adelaide; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, with the Board of Mental Health Foundation of Australia; outside the submitted work. X.D. reports all support for the present manuscript from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and University of Washington. E.E. reports grants or contracts from Grand Challenges Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, funds paid to their institution; and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, with Global Implementation Society; outside the submitted work. I.F.E.B. reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group as Editor in Chief of Recent Advances in Infectious Diseases and as an Editor for Texila American Journals; outside the submitted work. O.F.F. reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, with the African Tobacco Control Alliance; outside the submitted work. A. Faro reports support for the present manuscript from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil). J.F. reports grants or contracts from the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute on Drug Abuse; outside the submitted work. J.J.J. reports payment for honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Novartis, Adamed, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim and Sevier; outside the submitted work. S.V.K. reports grants or contracts from the National Institute for Health & Care Research, funds paid to their institution; outside the submitted work. M. Koscik reports grants or contracts from NPO ‘Systemic Risk Institute’ number LX22NPO5101, funded by the European Union – Next Generation EU (Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports); outside the submitted work. P. Meylakhs reports grants or contracts from the Center for Comparative Research of Social Wellbeing, HSE University; outside the submitted work. T.R.M. reports grants or contracts from the National Institute of Mental Health, payments made to their employer; payment for expert testimony for opioid litigations, payments made to their employer; and from Opioid litigation, Evre, LLC, payments made to them; outside the submitted work. L. Monasta reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health, payments made to their institution. R.F.P.-A. reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Angelini, Casen Recordati, Lundbeck, Neuraxpharm, Rubió, Servier and Takeda; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Angelini, Italfarmaco, Advanz Pharma, Takeda, Lundbeck and Camurus; all outside the submitted work. S.K.P. reports support for the present manuscript from Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University); grants and contracts from File no. 17-59/2023-24/CCRH/Tech./Coll./ICMR-Diabetes/960; outside the submitted work. G.D.P. reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from Roche Hellas and Bayer Greece; outside the submitted work. R. Passera reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with the Data Safety Monitoring Board dello studio ‘Consolidation with ADCT-402 (loncastuximab tesirine) after immunochemotherapy: a phase II study in BTKitreated/ineligible Relapse/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) patients’ – FIL, Fondazione Italiana Linfomi, Alessandria (Italy); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with EBMT Statistical Committee, European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Paris, France; and is a former member from 2020 to 2023 of the IRB/IEC Comitato Etico AO SS. Antonio e Biagio Alessandria-ASL AL-VC (Italy); outside the submitted work. A.E.P. reports support for the present manuscript from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (Grant no. APP2009306). V. Sharma acknowledges support from DFSS (MHA)’s research project (DFSS28(1)2019/EMR/6) at Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and RUSA grant to Panjab University by Ministry of Education, Govt. of India; outside the submitted work. J.I.S. reports support from the Yonsei Foundation, funded by Lee Youn Jae. J.P.S. reports support for the present manuscript from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. L.M.L.R.S. reports grants or contracts with SPRINT – Sport Physical Activity and Health Research e Innovation Center, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 6 Guarda, Portugal; and collaboration with RISE–UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; outside the submitted work. J.A.S. reports consulting fees from ROMTech, Atheneum, Clearview Healthcare Partners, American College of Rheumatology, Yale, Hulio, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, DINORA, ANI/Exeltis, USA Inc., Frictionless Solutions, Schipher, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs Inc., Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care Options, Putnam Associates, FocusForward, Navigant Consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, Practice Point Communications and the National Institutes of Health; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings and/or travel from OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm’s length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, as past steering committee member to attend their meeting every 2 years; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee (unpaid); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as a past steering committee member of the OMERACT; stock or stock options in Atai Life Sciences, Kintara Therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen Pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart Pharmaceuticals, Atyu Biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics Inc., Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., Aebona Pharmaceuticals and Charlotte’s Web Holdings, Inc., and previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking and Moderna Pharmaceuticals; all outside the submitted work. D.J.S. reports consultancy honoraria from Discovery Vitality, Kanna, L’Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Servier, Seaport Therapeutics, Takeda and Wellcome. R.T.-S. reports grants or contracts from Valencian Regional Government’s Ministry of Education (PROMETEO/CIPROM/2022/58) and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PID2021-129099OB-I00). The funders were not involved in the design of the manuscript or decision to submit the manuscript for publication, nor will they be involved in any aspect of the study’s conduct; all outside the submitted work. S.J.T. reports grants or contracts from part of the 2023/4 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey team, collecting epidemiological data on community-based adults living in England. This is a contracted study from NHS Digital, via the Department of Health and Social Care. S.J.T. has also contributed to multiple chapters of the 2023/4 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey report, payments made to the University of Leicester. S.J.T. led a study funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Clinical Research Network, on optimizing survey design for people with learning disability and autistic people, payments made to the University of Leicester. S.J.T. led a study from the National Institute for Health and Care Research related to reviewing a national training program for health and social care professionals relating to learning disability and autism, payments made to the University of Leicester. S.J.T. was co-applicant on a study funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research related to identification, recording and reasonable adjustments for people with a learning disability and autistic people in NHS electronic clinical record systems, payments made to the University of Leicester. S.J.T. was co-applicant on a study funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research related to medication support interventions and strategies for people with learning disabilities, payments made to the University of Leicester. S.J.T. was lead applicant on a study funded by the Baily Thomas Charitable Fund investigating barriers, enablers and interventions to facilitate deprescribing for people with intellectual disability, payments made to the University of Leicester. S.J.T. reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from the Royal College of Psychiatrists for accommodation and travel to conference events due to their role as academic secretary in the faculty of the Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability, as well as additional conference fees waived for Royal College of Psychiatrists; leadership or fiduciary roles as Academic Secretary for the Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry Special Interest Group and Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Faculty at the Royal College of Psychiatrists; Associate Editor for Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities; Editorial Board Member for Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disability, Advances in Autism, BMC Psychiatry and BJPsych Open (no payments received for these roles); royalties received as Editor of Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Across Cultures (Oxford University Press); outside the submitted work. A.C.T. reports support for the present manuscript from the US National Institutes of Health (K34DA061696); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, from Elsevier, Inc. as Co-editor in Chief of SSM – Mental Health, and from BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd, as Clinical Editorial Advisor for The BMJ; outside the submitted work. M.Z. is an Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease employee.

Peer review

Peer review information

Nature Medicine thanks Johannes Thrul and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editor: Ming Yang, in collaboration with the Nature Medicine team.

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Extended data

Extended Data Fig. 1 World map of age-standardized prevalence and DALYs rates per 100,000 population attributable to overall drug use disorders for both sexes across 204 countries, 2023.

Abbreviations: DALYs, disability-adjusted life year; DUD, drug use disorders. The color gradient, ranging from purple (low value) to red (high value), indicates the magnitude of each estimate. Data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Age-standardized DALYs per 100,000 population attributable to drug use disorders for both sexes across the top 30 countries, 2023.

(A) Total burden of DALYs for drug use disorders; (B) DALYs rate for each drug use disorder. Abbreviations: AUD, amphetamine use disorders; CAUD, cannabis use disorders; CUD, cocaine use disorders; DALYs, disability-adjusted life year; OUD, opioid use disorders.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Regional trends in prevalence and DALYs per 100,000 population for drug use disorders by GBD regions, 1990-2023.

(A) Total burden of DALYs rate for drug use disorders; (B) DALYs rate for each drug use disorder. Abbreviations: AUD, amphetamine use disorders; CAUD, cannabis use disorders; CUD, cocaine use disorders; DALYs, disability-adjusted life year; OUD, opioid use disorders.

Extended Data Fig. 4 Percentage change in age-standardized DALYs per 100,000 population for drug use disorders by GBD regions, 2023.

Abbreviations: AUD, amphetamine use disorders; CAUD, cannabis use disorders; CUD, cocaine use disorders; DALYs, disability-adjusted life year; OUD, opioid use disorders.

Extended Data Fig. 5 DALY per 100,000 population of drug use disorders for both sexes by SDI and age group, 2023.

Countries were categorized into five SDI groups according to the GBD SDI classification, low (32 countries), low-middle (41 countries), middle (40 countries), high-middle (47 countries), and high (44 countries). Abbreviations: AUD, amphetamine use disorders; CAUD, cannabis use disorders; CUD, cocaine use disorders; DALYs, disability-adjusted life year; OUD, opioid use disorders; SDI, socio demographic index.

Extended Data Fig. 6 Changes in the number of DALYs cases (millions) associated with aging, epidemiological change, and population by each drug use disorders, 1990-2023.

Abbreviations: AUD, amphetamine use disorders; CAUD, cannabis use disorders; CUD, cocaine use disorders; DALYs, disability-adjusted life year; OUD, opioid use disorders.

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Kang, J., Kim, H.J., Kim, M.S. et al. Global burden of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use in 204 countries, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease Study. Nat Med (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-04137-0

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