An international collaboration can be between any two institutions from different countries/territories co-authoring at least one article in the journals tracked by the Nature Index. The collaboration score (CS) between two institutions is the sum of each of their Shares on the papers to which both have contributed. A collaboration Share of 1 can be interpreted either as a publication that is wholly authored by researchers affiliated to the collaborating institutions, or their Share of authorships sum to 1 over several publications. The tables below list the leading international collaborators based on their CS. Filtering the tables by the same sector will generate a list of the leading collaborators within that sector, while filtering by different sectors will generate the leading collaborators between those sectors.
