Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry examines the interplay between chemical transformations and electrical energy at the interface of electronically conducting electrodes and ionically conducting media. Central to the discipline are redox reactions, in which oxidation and reduction half-reactions occur on separate electrodes, driving electron flow through an external circuit and ion transport through an electrolyte. The potential difference between electrodes—the cell voltage—reflects the free-energy change of the reaction and dictates whether a cell operates as a galvanic generator of electricity or as an electrolyser driven by external power. At the metal–solution boundary, applied potentials modulate the electric double layer, govern adsorption and desorption of reactants, and control heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetics. A rich suite of techniques—including cyclic and pulse voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemical imaging—probes reaction mechanisms, interfacial dynamics and charge-storage processes. The field underpins technologies as diverse as batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells; electrosynthesis of chemicals and nanomaterials; corrosion protection; and a growing array of sensors for biomedical, environmental and industrial monitoring. Advances in electrode materials, from metal oxides and nanostructured carbons to two-dimensional layers and hybrid catalysts, continue to extend performance, selectivity and stability, while data-driven methods enhance signal analysis and discovery.

Research from Nature Portfolio

Non-covalent interactions between organic ligands and metal-oxide surfaces have been shown to enrich high-valent active sites and lower overpotentials for the oxygen evolution reaction. By co-depositing phenanthroline complexes with cobalt oxide under alkaline conditions, researchers achieved substantially higher populations of Co^IV centres, resulting in selective stabilisation of key intermediates and sustained catalytic activity over thousands of hours. A complementary study introduced self-healing strategies for first-row transition-metal oxide catalysts, demonstrating continuous in-situ regeneration of active phases during both acidic and alkaline water oxidation. This design maintains performance under variable pH and water sources, overcoming traditional degradation pathways. Another investigation directly detected Fe⁴⁺ species in mixed-metal cobaltates using Mössbauer and X-ray absorption spectroscopies, revealing the critical role of iron redox states in modulating Tafel behaviour and turnover frequencies in base, and guiding alloying ratios for optimal activity.

Research from all publishers

A practical guide to large-amplitude Fourier-transformed alternating-current voltammetry has established protocols for isolating slow and fast electron-transfer events by harmonic filtering. Demonstrated on classical redox couples and protein films, the method achieves micromolar sensitivity without inert-gas protection and clarifies reaction mechanisms in complex media. In parallel, deep-learning models trained on cyclic square-wave voltammograms enable near-perfect classification of organic and inorganic analytes, transforming field-deployable chemical identification. Convolutional and recurrent architectures distinguish overlapping redox signatures with high specificity, while chemometric techniques such as principal-component analysis and partial-least-squares regression extract multianalyte concentrations from high-dimensional voltammograms. Coupled with microelectrode arrays and smartphone interfaces, these approaches deliver rapid, robust biosensing in biological fluids.

Electrochemistry publication trend

The graph below shows the total number of articles in electrochemistry across all publications each year (not limited to Nature Index journals).

Technical terms

Electric double layer: The structured region of charge and countercharge formed at an electrode–electrolyte interface, comprising a compact inner layer and a diffuse outer layer.

Overpotential: The extra potential above the thermodynamic requirement needed to drive an electrochemical reaction at a given rate.

Cyclic voltammetry: A technique in which the electrode potential is swept linearly forwards and backwards to probe redox processes and reaction kinetics.

Fourier-transformed AC voltammetry (FTACV): A method that superimposes a large-amplitude sine wave on a potential ramp and uses harmonic analysis to separate faradaic currents from capacitive backgrounds.

Deep learning: A class of machine-learning techniques employing multilayer neural networks to extract features and patterns from complex datasets such as voltammograms.

Self-healing catalyst: A material that, under operating conditions, regenerates or repairs its active phase to maintain catalytic performance over extended use.

References

1. Application and Progress of Chemometrics in Voltammetric Biosensing. Biosensors (2022).
2. Machine Learning Techniques for Chemical Identification Using Cyclic Square Wave Voltammetry. Sensors (2019).
3. Practical Guide to Large Amplitude Fourier-Transformed Alternating Current VoltammetryWhat, How, and Why. ACS Measurement Science Au (2024).
4. Non-covalent ligand-oxide interaction promotes oxygen evolution. Nature Communications (2023).
5. Self-healing oxygen evolution catalysts. Nature Communications (2022).
6. Detection of high-valent iron species in alloyed oxidic cobaltates for catalysing the oxygen evolution reaction. Nature Communications (2021).