Adaptive Reclosing Techniques in High Voltage Power Transmission Systems

Adaptive reclosing techniques represent a dynamic approach to restoring power following transient faults on high voltage transmission circuits. Unlike fixed‐time schemes, adaptive methods continuously monitor indicators of fault clearance, such as secondary arc extinction, harmonic content and oscillation frequencies, to determine the optimal instant for reclosing circuit breakers. By distinguishing between temporary and permanent faults in real time, these techniques reduce unnecessary interruption, minimise system stress and enhance overall grid stability. Key strategies include single‐phase auto­reclosing to maintain partial power transfer, multi‐phase schemes for shunt-compensated lines and hybrid methods tailored to AC, DC or mixed transmission corridors. Recent advances leverage sophisticated signal-processing tools—wavelet and Hilbert–Huang transforms, short‐time Fourier analysis—and machine-learning algorithms to extract distinguishing features from voltage and current waveforms. Equipment configurations such as shunt reactors and optimally tuned neutral reactors further support rapid fault detection and reclosing decisions. Globally, adaptive reclosing underpins efforts to integrate renewable generation, prevent cascading outages and deliver resilient power-system operation.

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Adaptive Reclosing Techniques in High Voltage Power Transmission Systems publication trend

The graph below shows the total number of articles in adaptive reclosing techniques in high voltage power transmission systems across all publications each year (not limited to Nature Index journals).

Technical terms

Automatic reclosing: A protection function that automatically re-energises a line after a fault, aiming to clear transient disturbances without human intervention.

Dead time: The intentional delay between breaker opening and reclosing during which fault-clearance indicators are assessed.

Secondary arc: The sustained conductive discharge that persists after initial breaker opening, whose extinction must be detected before safe reclosing.

Transient fault: A temporary disturbance (e.g. lightning strike) that self-clears within a short interval, allowing service restoration.

Permanent fault: A sustained defect (e.g. conductor break) that remains until manual repair and must not be reclosed onto.

Shunt reactor: A reactive device connected in parallel with a line to limit voltage rise and shape current-waveform characteristics during single-pole openings.

Gated recurrent unit (GRU): A type of recurrent neural network cell that captures time-series dependencies with reduced computational complexity.

Long short-term memory (LSTM): A recurrent neural network architecture designed to retain and update information over extended sequences for accurate temporal classification.

References

1. A review of single phase adaptive auto-reclosing schemes for EHV transmission lines. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems (2019).
2. Three‐phase adaptive reclosure for transmission lines with shunt reactors using mode current oscillation frequencies. The Journal of Engineering (2018).
3. A Comprehensive Review of Auto-Reclosing Schemes in AC, DC, and Hybrid (AC/DC) Transmission Lines. IEEE Access (2021).
4. Adaptive Overhead Transmission Lines Auto-Reclosing Based on Hilbert–Huang Transform. Energies (2020).
5. An efficient deep learning based scheme for adaptive auto-reclosing in power transmission lines. Alexandria Engineering Journal (2024).
6. Pattern Recognition Based Auto-Reclosing Scheme Using Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory Network. IEEE Access (2022).
7. An Adaptive Reclosing Scheme for Cross-Line Faults on Double-Circuit Wind Power Outgoing Lines with Shunt Reactors. Energies (2024).
8. Determining optimal neutral reactor to limit overvoltages and duration of secondary arc of transmission lines. IET Generation Transmission & Distribution (2022).
9. Adaptive Single-Pole Auto-Reclosing Scheme Based on Secondary Arc Voltage Harmonic Signatures. Energies (2021).