Large Deformation Mechanics in Squeezing Rock Tunnels
Summary
Excavation of deep or weak rock masses frequently encounters squeezing conditions, in which high in situ stresses and low rock strength combine to produce large and sustained ground movements around the tunnel. Such deformations arise from stress redistribution, time-dependent creep and swelling of clay-rich or fractured rocks, as well as relaxation of the surrounding rock mass. Understanding these mechanisms is essential to ensure the integrity of the tunnel lining and to protect both workers and equipment. Modern practice employs a combination of field monitoring, numerical simulation and laboratory testing to characterise the onset of plastic zones, the evolution of displacement fields and the interaction between support systems and deforming ground. Contemporary research focuses on designing yielding support elements capable of accommodating large closures without overstressing the lining, and on optimising construction sequences to manage swelling pressures and stress concentrations. The global drive for deeper mining operations, high-speed rail and hydropower developments has spurred innovation in materials and methods, leading to more resilient tunnel systems that can safely sustain significant rock mass movements.
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Large Deformation Mechanics in Squeezing Rock Tunnels publication trend
The graph below shows the total number of articles in large deformation mechanics in squeezing rock tunnels across all publications each year (not limited to Nature Index journals).
Technical terms
Squeezing ground: A condition in which high in situ stress acting on weak or fractured rock causes significant and time-dependent tunnel closure.
Yielding support element: A lining component designed to deform under load in a controlled manner, thereby absorbing ground movements without loss of structural integrity.
Stress–strain curve: A graphical representation of a material’s response to loading, showing the relationship between applied stress and resulting strain, including elastic, yield and densification phases.
Plastic zone: The region surrounding an excavation where rock has exceeded its elastic limit and undergone irreversible deformation.
References
- Highly compressible concrete: The effect of reinforcement design on concrete’s compressive behavior at high strains. Materials & Design (2023).
- Stress Field Distribution and Deformation Law of Large Deformation Tunnel Excavation in Soft Rock Mass. Applied Sciences (2019).
- Investigating High-Strength Expanded Polystyrene (HS-EPS) as yielding support elements for tunnelling in squeezing ground conditions. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology (2021).
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