Matrix Metalloproteinases in Ovarian Physiology and Pathophysiology
Summary
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that orchestrate the controlled remodelling of the ovarian extracellular matrix (ECM) throughout the reproductive cycle. In ovarian physiology, MMPs regulate folliculogenesis by enabling follicle expansion, ovulation through degradation of the follicular basement membrane, luteinization by restructuring stromal compartments, and luteolysis via targeted ECM turnover. Their activity is finely balanced by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), ensuring precise spatial and temporal control. Dysregulation of this proteolytic system contributes to pathophysiology: excessive MMP activity can promote follicular rupture defects, ovarian cyst formation and inflammation, while reduced activity has been implicated in luteal insufficiency and subfertility. In ovarian cancer, aberrant MMP expression facilitates invasive growth and metastasis. Hormonal cues, local cytokine networks and cell–matrix interactions converge on MMP gene expression and activation, making these enzymes central to both normal ovarian function and disease. Understanding their regulatory mechanisms and interconnections opens avenues for diagnostic biomarkers and targeted therapies in fertility disorders and malignancies.
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Matrix Metalloproteinases in Ovarian Physiology and Pathophysiology publication trend
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Technical terms
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP): A zinc-dependent enzyme that degrades components of the extracellular matrix to enable tissue remodelling.
Extracellular matrix (ECM): A complex network of proteins and polysaccharides that provides structural support and biochemical signals to cells.
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP): A family of endogenous proteins that bind MMPs and prevent uncontrolled ECM degradation.
Granulosa cell: A somatic cell type surrounding the oocyte within ovarian follicles, essential for hormone production and follicle development.
Folliculogenesis: The process by which ovarian follicles grow and mature from primordial to preovulatory stages.
References
- Spatio-temporal expression profile of matrix metalloproteinase (Mmp) modulators Reck and Sparc during the rat ovarian dynamics. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology (2018).
- Matrix metallopeptidases regulate granulosa cell remodeling through the hormone signaling pathway. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research (2020).
- Matrix metalloproteinase 2 level in human follicular fluid is a reliable marker of human oocyte maturation in in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology (2015).
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