Numerical Modeling of Gas Dynamics in Steelmaking Processes
Summary
Numerical modelling of gas dynamics in steelmaking merges fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and reaction kinetics to elucidate the complex interactions between high-speed gas jets and molten metal baths. Utilising computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches such as Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and large eddy simulation, researchers capture the evolution of supersonic oxygen streams, bottom-blown tuyeres and multi-phase interfaces via volume-of-fluid techniques. Coupled heat‐ and mass‐transfer submodels predict temperature distribution, mixing times and slag–metal reactions, while discrete‐phase methods track droplet transport and emulsion formation. Three-dimensional frameworks balance physical fidelity with computational efficiency, enabling the optimisation of lance angles, gas flow rates and slag viscosity. By mapping turbulent kinetic energy and cavity dynamics, these simulations support the design of more energy-efficient and lower-emission steelmaking operations. Insights from such models inform industrial practice worldwide, from basic oxygen furnaces to electric arc refining, guiding process adjustments that enhance steel quality, reduce refractory wear and strengthen process control.
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Numerical Modeling of Gas Dynamics in Steelmaking Processes publication trend
The graph below shows the total number of articles in numerical modeling of gas dynamics in steelmaking processes across all publications each year (not limited to Nature Index journals).
Technical terms
Basic oxygen furnace (BOF): A steelmaking vessel where high-purity oxygen is blown onto molten iron to oxidise impurities.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD): Numerical techniques for solving equations governing fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer.
Supersonic oxygen jet: A high-speed oxygen stream exceeding the speed of sound, used to promote rapid decarburisation.
Tuyere: A nozzle through which gas is injected into a furnace or converter.
Turbulent kinetic energy: A measure of the energy contained in the chaotic, fluctuating motion of fluid flow.
Emulsion zone: A region in a converter bath where fine droplets of metal interact vigorously with slag under gas stirring.
References
- 3D Integrated Modeling of Supersonic Coherent Jet Penetration and Decarburization in EAF Refining Process. Processes (2020).
- Effect of Furnace Gas Composition on Characteristics of Supersonic Oxygen Jets in the Converter Steelmaking Process. Materials (2020).
- Numerical investigation on behaviors of interlaced jets and their interaction with bath in BOF steelmaking. AIP Advances (2019).
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