Oncology in Captive Wild Felids

Neoplastic disease is recognised as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in large felids held under managed care. Species within the Panthera genus—lions, tigers, leopards and jaguars—exhibit especially high tumour prevalence, with both benign and malignant lesions affecting a broad range of organ systems. Endocrine and genital neoplasms, including uterine leiomyomas and thyroid adenomas, appear routinely in aged individuals, while mesotheliomas, hemangiosarcomas and alimentary carcinomas account for a significant share of malignancies. Tumour risk correlates with advancing age, genetic predisposition and, in some cases, long-term exposure to hormonal contraceptives. Diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical examination, imaging modalities (ultrasound, radiography, CT), histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemistry. Surgical excision remains the primary treatment for localised masses, whereas systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy are applied sparingly owing to logistical and safety considerations. Early detection through routine health monitoring is critical, not only for animal welfare and individual survival, but also for wider conservation objectives. Understanding oncological patterns in captive felids informs husbandry practices, contributes to comparative oncology and enhances collaborative efforts between zoological institutions and veterinary researchers worldwide.

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Oncology in Captive Wild Felids publication trend

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Technical terms

Neoplasm: An abnormal mass of proliferating cells, benign or malignant, arising from dysregulated cell growth.

Malignancy: The capacity of a tumour to invade surrounding tissues, metastasise and disrupt organ function.

Metastasis: The spread of malignant cells from the primary site to distant organs via lymphatic or vascular routes.

Leiomyoma: A benign neoplasm composed of smooth muscle cells, often found in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract of felids.

Histopathology: Microscopic examination of biopsy or necropsy tissues to characterise disease morphology and cell markers.

Immunohistochemistry: A laboratory technique using antibodies to detect specific antigens in tissue sections, aiding tumour classification.

References

1. Pathology in Captive Wild Felids at German Zoological Gardens. PLOS ONE (2015).
2. Taxonomic Distribution of Neoplasia Among Non-Domestic Felid Species Under Managed Care. Animals (2020).
3. An Overview of Neoplasia in Captive Wild Felids in Southern Italy Zoos. Frontiers in Veterinary Science (2022).