Optimal Power Flow in DC Distribution Systems
Summary
The optimisation of power flow in DC distribution networks seeks to balance generation, storage and loads while minimising losses and ensuring voltage stability. Compared with AC systems, DC topologies offer lower conversion losses and simpler control of power electronic devices, making them attractive for data centres, renewable microgrids and electrified transport hubs. However, the non-linear nature of network equations, the diversity of converter topologies and the discrete operation of storage systems pose significant computational challenges. Recent advances have focused on robust load-flow solvers that accurately model generic DC/DC converters, convex relaxation techniques that transform the inherently non-convex OPF into tractable forms, and hybrid approaches integrating metaheuristic algorithms with classical numerical schemes. Emphasis on real-time dispatch and hierarchical control architectures has enabled the seamless integration of photovoltaic arrays and battery storage, optimising operational efficiency and mitigating voltage deviations. As global energy systems transition towards higher shares of renewables, efficient OPF solutions for DC distribution are critical for grid resilience and reducing carbon footprints across urban and off-grid settings.
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Optimal Power Flow in DC Distribution Systems publication trend
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Technical terms
Optimal Power Flow (OPF): Mathematical problem of determining the most efficient allocation of generation and flows in a network subject to physical and operational constraints.
Direct current (DC) distribution system: Electrical network delivering power using unidirectional current, often integrating renewable sources and storage.
DC/DC converter: Electronic device that converts one DC voltage level to another while regulating power transfer.
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS): Integrated battery and power electronics solution that stores energy and supports grid stability.
Convex approximation: Technique of reformulating non-convex optimisation problems into convex forms to guarantee global optimality and enhance computational tractability.
Second-Order Cone Programming (SOCP): Convex optimisation method extending linear programming to handle quadratic and conic constraints efficiently.
References
- DC grid load flow solution incorporating generic DC/DC converter topologies. Energy Reports (2023).
- An Efficient EMS for BESS in Monopolar DC Networks with High Penetration of Renewable Generation: A Convex Approximation. Batteries (2023).
- Economic Dispatch of Renewable Generators and BESS in DC Microgrids Using Second-Order Cone Optimization. Energies (2020).
- On the Efficiency in Electrical Networks with AC and DC Operation Technologies: A Comparative Study at the Distribution Stage. Electronics (2020).
- Optimal Power Flow in Direct-Current Power Grids via Black Hole Optimization. Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (2019).
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