Sexual Function and Dysfunction in Women

Sexual function in women encompasses a sequence of interrelated phases—desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm and resolution—culminating in sexual satisfaction and absence of pain. Female sexual dysfunction arises when one or more of these phases is disrupted, leading to distress, interpersonal difficulties or diminished quality of life. Epidemiological surveys report that up to 40 percent of women experience at least one sexual problem during their lifetime, with low desire and arousal disorders most prevalent. Aetiological factors span biological influences such as hormonal fluctuations, pelvic floor disorders and chronic illness; psychological determinants including stress, depression and body image concerns; interpersonal dynamics like communication and relationship satisfaction; and broader sociocultural dimensions such as stigma and gender norms. Clinical assessment relies on validated instruments and structured interviews, while management requires a holistic, multidisciplinary approach. Interventions range from hormonal or pharmacological treatments to psychological therapies (for example cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness), couple-centred counselling and emerging digital health programmes. Recent advances highlight neuroendocrine mechanisms, the role of inflammation and microbiota in genital health, and the importance of integrating sexual wellbeing into general health policy. Emphasis on personalised care, accessibility and equity underpins efforts to translate research into practice and to promote positive sexuality as a core component of women’s health worldwide.

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Sexual Function and Dysfunction in Women publication trend

The graph below shows the total number of articles in sexual function and dysfunction in women across all publications each year (not limited to Nature Index journals).

Technical terms

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder: A persistent deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire, causing marked distress or interpersonal difficulty.

Arousal: Physiological and psychological sexual excitation characterised by genital engorgement, lubrication and heightened sensory awareness.

Dyspareunia: Recurrent or persistent genital pain associated with sexual intercourse.

Cognitive behavioural therapy: A structured psychological approach that addresses dysfunctional thoughts and behaviours to alleviate symptoms.

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: A collection of symptoms and signs associated with decreased oestrogen levels affecting vulvovaginal tissues and lower urinary tract function.

References

1. Evaluating a Digital Health Tool Designed to Improve Low Sexual Desire in Women: Mixed-Methods Implementation Science Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research (2025).
2. Changes in Sexuality and Quality of Couple Relationship During the COVID-19 Lockdown. Frontiers in Psychology (2020).
3. Predictors of female sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and qualitative analysis through gender inequality paradigms. BMC Women's Health (2018).
4. Sexual function in Britain: findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3). The Lancet (2013).
5. What is sexual wellbeing and why does it matter for public health?. The Lancet Public Health (2021).