Tissue Engineering Applications for Temporomandibular Joint Regeneration
Summary
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex load-bearing articulation whose fibrocartilaginous disc and mandibular condyle exhibit limited intrinsic healing capacity. Tissue engineering strategies seek to restore joint form and function by integrating three core components: seed cells, biomaterial scaffolds and bioactive cues. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a leading cell source due to their dual osteogenic and chondrogenic potential and immunomodulatory properties. Biomimetic scaffolds produced by advanced additive manufacturing replicate the heterogeneous gradient of TMJ fibrocartilage, while hydrogels and composite implants support cell retention, nutrient exchange and mechanical resilience. Delivery of growth factors or extracellular vesicles enhances chondrogenesis and matrix deposition, whereas stimuli-responsive systems and spatiotemporal release platforms aim to orchestrate tissue maturation. Preclinical models demonstrate regeneration of condylar cartilage, subchondral bone and disc architecture, and early human case reports indicate potential for minimally invasive cell-based therapies. The convergence of stem cell biology, materials science and bioprinting promises patient-specific TMJ repair, with global significance for alleviating pain, restoring masticatory function and reducing reliance on joint replacement prostheses.
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Tissue Engineering Applications for Temporomandibular Joint Regeneration publication trend
The graph below shows the total number of articles in tissue engineering applications for temporomandibular joint regeneration across all publications each year (not limited to Nature Index journals).
Technical terms
Scaffold: A three-dimensional biomaterial framework designed to support cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation while providing mechanical integrity.
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC): A multipotent stromal cell capable of differentiating into chondrocytes, osteoblasts and adipocytes, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects.
Extracellular vesicle (EV): A membrane-bound particle released by cells, carrying proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that modulate tissue repair and immunoregulation.
Hydrogel: A hydrated polymer network that mimics soft tissue mechanical properties and can be loaded with cells or bioactive agents for regenerative applications.
Chondrogenesis: The biological process by which progenitor cells differentiate into chondrocytes and synthesise cartilage extracellular matrix.
References
- Advances in 3D printing techniques for cartilage regeneration of temporomandibular joint disc and mandibular condyle. International Journal of Bioprinting (2023).
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Temporomandibular Joint Repair: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies. Cells (2024).
- Superwettable and injectable GelMA-MSC microspheres promote cartilage repair in temporomandibular joints. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology (2022).
- Multi-Material Implants for Temporomandibular Joint Disc Repair: Tailored Additive Manufacturing Production. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology (2020).
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