Review Articles in 2026

Surgical menopause occurs in premenopausal women who undergo radical cystectomy with bilateral oophorectomy to treat bladder cancer. This Review discusses the pathophysiology of surgical menopause in these patients and highlights current strategies to mitigate associated symptoms and long-term health risks.

In this Review, the authors synthesize current understanding of sperm DNA fragmentation and its effects on mammalian reproduction. Reproductive consequences for fertilization, embryo development, and pregnancy outcomes and strategies aimed at reducing or preventing DNA fragmentation are examined.

In this Review, the authors examine anticipated patterns of late morbidities that could emerge as a result of current treatments for Wilms tumour. Given the importance of a patient-centred follow-up strategy, they propose a practical classification system based on the likelihood of developing therapy-related late sequelae.

Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) offer a minimally invasive biopsy strategy for prostate cancer monitoring. This Review discusses the use of CTCs at all stages of prostate cancer development and treatment, from CTC isolation and enrichment strategies to the prognostic and clinical utility of these cells in prostate cancer.

In this Review, the authors describe and discuss how advances in artificial intelligence, genomics, radiomics and cytology can be integrated into decision-making processes to improve the management of bladder cancer.

SRD5A2 has clinical relevance in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer and other androgen-mediated conditions. In this Review, the authors describe the complementary roles of α-blockers for rapid symptom relief and 5α-reductase inhibitors for disease modification and progression risk reduction in benign prostatic hyperplasia and the potential of targeting SRD5A2 in other androgen-driven disorders.

Sexual pleasure has often been overshadowed by a focus on dysfunction and reproduction in sexual medicine, particularly in urology. In this Review, the authors discuss the need for multidisciplinary approaches to address the diverse experiences and needs of individuals across their lifespan, and how integrating pleasure into research, clinical practice, sexuality education and public health initiatives could enhance well-being, intimate relationships and overall quality of life.

This Review provides a comprehensive overview of epidemiology and molecular determinants of relapsed rhabdoid and other non-nephroblastoma childhood and adolescent kidney tumours, which are usually rare and challenging to cure. The most updated results in this field are discussed to highlight how understanding tumour biology can be used to inform therapeutic strategies in these patient populations.