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Globally it is recognised that Indigenous populations should be able to access the benefits of genomics and precision medicine. Here, authors show that there are disparities in access to clinical genetic health services for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people in Australia.

Multiproxy archaeobotanical analyses of an abandoned agricultural terrace at Wagadagam document extensive, low-intensity forms of plant management from at least 2,145–1,930 cal yr bp and intensive forms of cultivation at 1,376–1,293 cal yr bp.

Increasing dietary carbohydrate-to-fat ratio in a randomized controlled feeding study altered circulating small molecules (metabolites), including ones associated with diabetes risk, underscoring important metabolic effects of dietary composition.

This study demonstrates the capability of deep learning protein design models in generating functionally validated β-strand pairing interfaces, expanding the structural diversity of de novo binding proteins and accessible target surfaces.

This study examines long-term changes in species richness across tropical forests in the Andes and Amazon. Hotter, drier and more seasonal forests in the eastern and southern Amazon are losing species, while Northern Andean forests are accumulating species, acting as a refuge for climate-displaced species.

Proteomic data from natural isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide insight into how these cells tolerate aneuploidy (an imbalance in the number of chromosomes), and reveal differences between lab-engineered aneuploids and diverse natural yeasts.

A prospective nationwide genomic screening pilot for ten genes in young adults in Australia detected pathogenic variants in 2% of the population, most of whom were ineligible for government-funded genomic testing.

Five-year survival data and biomarker analysis of the PRADO extension cohort of the phase 2 OpACIN-neo trial, in which patients with high-risk stage III melanoma received neoadjuvant ipilimumab and nivolumab and underwent pathologic response-directed surgery and adjuvant therapy, show 71% event-free survival and 88% overall survival, with tumor mutational burden, IFNγ signature and PD-L1 expression associated with favorable outcomes.

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence surveys provide estimates of the extent of prior infection in a population. In this nationally representative survey from Mexico, the authors estimate seroprevalence after the first epidemic wave at ~25%, with variation by region, age, socioeconomic status, and education level.

A large sulfur-bearing carbon ring molecule has been detected in space, 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-thione, using laboratory spectroscopy and a radio telescope. Found near the Galactic Centre, it opens the door to a new family of interstellar molecules.

Indigenous peoples are disproportionally affected by poor kidney health outcomes globally. Here, a group of Indigenous and non-Indigenous authors provide a global overview of kidney health among Indigenous populations across different regions and its key determinants, including structural factors, and make actionable policy recommendations for addressing these health inequities.

The ALICE Collaboration provides details on the microscopic mechanism that ends up creating antideuteron in high-energy proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

A novel reporter captured spatial temporal dynamics of effector-triggered-immunity (ETI)-induced systemic immunity, revealing that signal propagation and establishment in systemic acquired resistance depend on jasmonates. Furthermore, ETI initiates jasmonate-dependent systemic induced surface electrical potentials.

H3K4 methylation is required for defining active chromatin states in Xenopus embryos, ensuring faithful zygotic genome activation and successful embryonic development.

Genomic analyses of DNA from modern individuals show that, about 800 years ago, pre-European contact occurred between Polynesian individuals and Native American individuals from near present-day Colombia, while remote Pacific islands were still being settled.

Here the authors show that persistent antigen stimulation drives the generation of CD8⁺ tissue-resident exhausted T cells with distinct developmental origins, function and therapeutic responsiveness when compared to CD8⁺ tissue-resident memory T cells.

Through next-generation spectral analysis, scientists have uncovered an evolutionary path for Wolf–Rayet stars in metal-poor environments. Characterized by hard ionizing radiation, these stars challenge current assumptions about massive star evolution.

A new, nearly complete fossil skull of Vegavis from the James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula, provides insight into its feeding ecology and exhibits morphologies that support placement among waterfowl within crown-group birds.

New hominin fossils from the Grotte à Hominidés at Thomas Quarry I (ThI-GH) in Casablanca, Morocco, dated to around 773 thousand years ago are similar in age to Homo antecessor, yet are morphologically distinct.

Authors show that single-molecule mapping of sugar–receptor interactions on immune cells uncovers strong subcellular variation linked to receptor function.

Researchers find that whether a person is first vaccinated or first infected with COVID-19 influences their antibody and T-cell responses, offering new insights into how hybrid immunity develops and protects over time.

The geographic spread of mosquito insecticide resistance has unclear evolutionary origins. Here, the authors identify partial sweeps at resistance genes on two chromosomes from two species of mosquitoes, characterizing their global distribution.

Caspase 8 protein expression is largely absent in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients. Here, the authors generate a caspase 8 deletion SCLC mouse model and show that it promotes a neuronal progenitor-like cell state and pre-tumoral immunosuppression triggered by necroptosis that promotes metastasis.

Globalization has accelerated the spread of mosquito species that transmit human diseases. This global analysis reveals that 45 disease-vector mosquito species have been introduced to non-native regions worldwide, mostly after 1950 with 12 new species recorded outside their native ranges since 2000.

Here, the authors perform metagenomic analysis of Ecuadorian mothers and children showing that improved WASH and reduced animal exposure can lower antimicrobial resistance in the gut but may reduce gut microbial diversity, with the strongest effects observed in mothers.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Powerful generative AI models for designing biological macromolecules are being developed, with applications in medicine, biotechnology and materials science, but these models are expensive to train and modify. Leyva et al. introduce the Key-Cutting Machine, an optimization-based platform for proteins and peptides that iteratively leverages structure prediction to match desired backbone geometries.

There is still a need for effective HIV vaccines. In this phase I clinical trial, the authors show that an HIV-1 vaccine candidate, ConM SOSIP.v7, is well-tolerated in HIV-negative adults and that it elicits a strain-specific neutralising antibody response that differed between female and male participants.

External Control Arm methods for clinical trials were developed to compare the efficacy of a treatment to a control group that is built with data from external sources. Here, the authors present FedECA, a privacy-enhancing method for analyzing treatment effects across institutions, streamlining multi-centric trial design and thereby accelerating drug development while minimizing patient data exposure.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are well known breast cancer predisposition genes, however, many variants have not yet been classified for their pathogenicity. Here, the authors analyse a large combined cohort to provide evidence of variant pathogenicity.

The role of mosquito saliva proteins in viral infection remains incompletely understood. Here, the authors show that sialokinin facilitates viral dissemination while suppressing immune response and inflammation in chikungunya virus-infected mice.

The fast-growing discipline needs more scientists from under-represented groups. A raft of initiatives is rising to the challenge.

The combination of computational design, laboratory-based screening and biophysical validation enables the de novo generation of variable heavy-chain antibody fragments and antibodies that precisely target chosen disease-related molecules.

A new campaign by the non-profit group Mothers in Science highlights the challenges and experiences that fathers face, providing actionable steps to becoming a better parent and ally.

The earliest known human burial in Africa, that of a young child, is dated to around 78,000 years ago.