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Kramers–Weyl fermions are identified in chiral crystals, and their phenomenology is drawn out.

Cardelino leverages variant information from single-cell RNA-seq data for inferring clonal tree configuration and mapping cells to their clone of origin.

The authors use time-resolved scanning near-field optical microscopy to probe the ultrafast excitonic processes and their impact on waveguide operation in transition metal dichalcogenide crystals. They observe significant modulation of the complex index by monitoring waveguide modes on the fs time scale, and identify both coherent and incoherent manipulations of WSe₂ excitonic resonances.

Orbital angular momentum transfer from optical vortex beams to electronic quantum Hall states is reported in a graphene sheet, showing a robust contribution to the radial photocurrent that depends on the vorticity of light.

A cosmological simulation shows that low-mass galaxies can form with far less dark matter than expected, with results matching some observed characteristics. Roughly one-third of massive central galaxies may host at least one such dark-matter-deficient satellite.

A large empirical assessment of sequence-resolved structural variants from 14,891 genomes across diverse global populations in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) provides a reference map for disease-association studies, population genetics, and diagnostic screening.

Our understanding of the phase diagram of twisted graphene structures is incomplete. Now, twisted trilayer graphene is examined using a technique that locally images quantum oscillations and shows that a nematic semimetal is favoured at low density.

Analysis of whole-genome sequencing data across 2,658 tumors spanning 38 cancer types shows that chromothripsis is pervasive, with a frequency of more than 50% in several cancer types, contributing to oncogene amplification, gene inactivation and cancer genome evolution.

Stem cell migration plays critical roles in the regeneration of adult tissue. Here, the authors demonstrate that Wnt5a-mediated activation of non-canonical Wnt signaling promotes migration of airway stem cells after epithelial injury.

By inducing changes in surrounding tissue, mutant intestinal stem cells create an unfavourable niche environment that gives them a competitive advantage over non-mutant neighbours.

Analysis of mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) by using whole-genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancer samples across 38 cancer types identifies hypermutated mtDNA cases, frequent somatic nuclear transfer of mtDNA and high variability of mtDNA copy number in many cancers.

Efficient, large-scale genomic analysis is facilitated on the cloud by a computational tool with error-diagnosing and self-healing capabilities.

An analysis of the largest exome sequencing dataset of people with obsessive–compulsive disorder to date (n = 1,313 affected individuals), where both case–control and de novo variant studies support a contribution of rare damaging coding variants to risk.

Stellar tidal disruption events (TDEs) occur when stars pass close enough to supermassive black holes. Here, the authors show that future searches TDEs have potential to uncover the existence of ultralight bosons.

The impacts of shifting climate suitability on current crop production, particularly how this might change food crop diversity, remain understudied. This study assesses the future climatic suitability of global croplands for 30 major food crop types, quantifying the changes in potential food crop diversity given climate conditions across four global warming levels.

The authors report the photometric detection of the distant spectroscopically confirmed galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 at z > 14 with JWST/MIRI. The inferred properties suggest rapid mass assembly and metal enrichment during the earliest phases of galaxy formation.

Single-cell measurements and modelling show that the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus obtain most of the carbon required for growth from mixotrophy, extending their ecological range and impact in the water column.

Trees come in all shapes and size, but what drives this incredible variation in tree form remains poorly understood. Using a global dataset, the authors show that a combination of climate, competition, disturbance and evolutionary history shape the crown architecture of the world’s trees and thereby constrain the 3D structure of woody ecosystems.

Benisty, Barson et al. show that motor behaviors are represented by fast changes in the activity magnitude and functional connectivity across the mouse neocortex, which provides insight into the relationship between neural signals and behavior.

The authors use lineage tracing to map the fate of wild-type and Brca1^−/−;Trp53^−/− cells in the adult mouse mammary gland, identifying three layers of protection that limit the spread of mutant cells at the expense of allowing a minority of mutant cells to expand, which leads to field cancerization.

Aminoacyl-thiols reacting selectively with RNA diols over amine nucleophiles and demonstration of chemically controlled formation of peptidyl-RNA in water at neutral pH suggest an important role for thiol cofactors before the evolution of enzymes.

The emergence of magnetically confined surface excitons enabled by antiferromagnetic spin correlations is reported, which leads to the confinement of excitons to the surface of layered antiferromagnet CrSBr.

From 1980 to 2018, the levels of total and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreased in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe.

Chen et al. report that TGF-β signalling, although largely considered anti-inflammatory, has proinflammatory effects on endothelial cells. Inhibition of endothelial TGF-β signalling decreases atherosclerosis in mice and reverts established plaques, in part by decreasing endothelial-to-mesenchymal transitions.

Large whole-exome sequencing studies have suggested that the genetic architecture of syndromic congenital heart disease (CHD) is different from sporadic forms. Here, Watkins et al. estimate the relative contribution of damaging recessive and de novo genotypes to CHD in 2391 trios and find them to be associated with different gene functions.

Gradual cooling or warming of the atmosphere, combined with strong ocean-driven basal melt, could have led to major changes in the periodicity, phasing, and asymmetry of past ice sheet growth and decay, according to an ensemble of 500-kyr long ice sheet simulations.

The distribution and uptake of siderophores across a meridional section of the eastern Pacific Ocean suggests that iron availability limits microbial metabolism in the upper mesopelagic in several large ocean basins.

Genome-wide data from 400 individuals indicate that the initial spread of the Beaker archaeological complex between Iberia and central Europe was propelled by cultural diffusion, but that its spread into Britain involved a large-scale migration that permanently replaced about ninety per cent of the ancestry in the previously resident population.

Recent studies integrating multi-omics data with cell atlases across development for brains of humans and model organisms are revealing conserved and divergent patterns of brain development at the molecular and cellular levels, and linking these to complex behavioural and neuropsychiatric phenotypes.

For many neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) risk genes, the significance for mutational burden is unestablished. Here, the authors sequence 125 candidate NDD genes in over 16,000 NDD cases; case-control mutational burden analysis identifies 48 genes with a significant burden of severe ultra-rare mutations.

Phylogenetic and molecular analyses uncover three ancient FoxQ2 paralogs: FoxQ2I/II with conserved roles in anterior ectoderm specification, and FoxQ2III showing unexpected expression in specialized regions of the chordate endoderm.

Openshaw and colleagues find myeloid inflammation and complement activation signatures in patients with long COVID who were previously hospitalized.

Analysis of the JWST/NIRSpec spectrum of the recently observed Lyman-break galaxy JADES-GS+53.15508-27.80178 revealed a redshift of z = 7.3, a Balmer break and a complete absence of nebular emission lines, indicating that quenching occurred only 700 million years after the Big Bang.

Directed evolution of opsins via robotic high-content screening finds a fluorescent reporter of voltage that is simultaneously optimized for brightness, localization and voltage sensitivity and is applicable in three model systems.

Analyses of multiple phylogenetic marker datasets of Asgard archaea provide insight into the transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, specifically placing eukaryotes within Asgard archaea and as a sister lineage to Hodarchaeales.

Shuman et al. report that epileptic mice harbor desynchronized hippocampal interneuron activity and unstable spatial representations, revealing that precise intrahippocampal synchronization is critical for spatial coding.

Triple-negative breast cancers are aggressive tumours, but their prognosis is critically determined by the immune cell activity within the microenvironment, with the more inflamed, hot milieu predicting better prognosis. Here authors show that the tumour draining lymph nodes, even if not invaded by the tumours, reflect the difference between the cold and hot tumours via differential Th2 polarization.

Here, a combined experiment-theory framework based on different nano-imaging techniques and first-principle calculations is used to analyse the shapes of moiré patterns in twisted van der Waals structures, enabling an accurate description of the coupling between the atomically thin layers.

Optical aberrations can hinder fluorescence imaging of thick samples, reducing image signal, contrast, and resolution. Here, the authors introduce a deep learning-based strategy for aberration compensation, improving image quality without slowing image acquisition or introducing more optics.

Cholesterol metabolism is altered in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The authors show that promoting cellular cholesterol excretion in a mouse model improves myelination, reduces the disease-associated oligodendrocyte response, and prolongs survival.

The authors demonstrate a graphene/CrSBr heterostructure exhibiting anisotropic surface plasmon polariton (SPP) propagation in the mid-infrared and terahertz range. Charge transfer at the interface directs SPPs along the quasi-1D chains that compose each CrSBr layer, with propagation lengths varying by an order of magnitude between the two in-plane crystallographic axes.

Rare de novo single nucleotide variants in brain-expressed genes are found to be associated with autism spectrum disorders and to carry large effects.

The authors demonstrate mitigation of both chromatic and modal dispersion in multimode optical fibers via spatiotemporal tailoring of ultrashort light pulses. This holds potential for applications such as in multimode imaging, long-distance communications, ultrafast light-matter interactions, optical fiber amplifiers, and multidimensional information encoding.

A task in which participants learned to perform inference led to the formation of hippocampal representations whose geometric properties reflected the latent structure of the task, indicating that abstract or disentangled neural representations are important for complex cognition.

A framework through which machine learning can guide mathematicians in discovering new conjectures and theorems is presented and shown to yield mathematical insight on important open problems in different areas of pure mathematics.

The authors show PTEN mutations, which can cause both congenital hydrocephalus and autism spectrum disorder, disrupt CSF homeostasis and brain connectivity in mice. Reducing mTORC1 activation ameliorates ventricular enlargement and neuronal deficits.