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Five-year survival data and biomarker analysis of the PRADO extension cohort of the phase 2 OpACIN-neo trial, in which patients with high-risk stage III melanoma received neoadjuvant ipilimumab and nivolumab and underwent pathologic response-directed surgery and adjuvant therapy, show 71% event-free survival and 88% overall survival, with tumor mutational burden, IFNγ signature and PD-L1 expression associated with favorable outcomes.

The Ocean Equity Index provides a systematic, twelve-criteria framework to assess and improve equity in ocean initiatives, projects and policies, producing structured data that guide evidence-based decisions and support more equitable outcomes for coastal communities and ecosystems.

Phylogenetic regression and structural equation modelling of environmental, social and life history traits across the primate clade indicates correlates for same-sex sexual behaviour (SSB), and suggests that while environmental and life history traits tend to influence SSB indirectly, social complexity directly promotes its occurrence.

Here the authors show that tissue-resident memory and exhausted T cells in tumors are distinct populations that are shaped by relative presence or absence of TCR signals, suggesting that a tailored therapeutic strategy is needed to target each subset.

A species-level dataset of sediment-dwelling macrofauna, sampled 2 years before and 2 months after a test of a commercial deep-sea mining machine, reveals losses of macrofaunal density and species richness within the machine’s tracks and community-level effects in both the tracks and an area impacted by sediment plumes.

In the randomized phase 1b/2 Morpheus-Melanoma trial evaluating various neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor regimens in patients with resectable stage III melanoma, tobemstomig, an anti-PD-1/anti-LAG-3 bispecific antibody, showed the highest pathologic response rate with a better safety profile than the standard treatment approach of ipilimumab plus nivolumab.

Translation of evidence about dementia risk into effective public health policy is a challenge. In this Consensus Statement, Demnitz-King and colleagues present 56 policy recommendations for dementia prevention, providing policymakers with a foundation for designing and implementing evidence-based dementia prevention strategies, prioritizing clear communication, targeted intervention and sustained research investment.

An analysis of 24,202 critical cases of COVID-19 identifies potentially druggable targets in inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

As presented at the ASCO 2025 Annual Meeting and the ESMO Congress 2025: In RELATIVITY-098, treatment of patients with stage III/IV resected melanoma with nivolumab and relatlimab compared to nivolumab alone did not significantly change recurrence-free survival, with correlative data pointing to the absence of tumor-infiltrating LAG3⁺ T cells as a potential reason.

Parity induces an accumulation of CD8⁺ T cells, including cells with a tissue-resident-memory-like phenotype within human normal breast tissue, offering long-term protection against triple-negative breast cancer.

An analysis of the impact of logging intensity on biodiversity in tropical forests in Sabah, Malaysia, identifies a threshold of tree biomass removal below which logged forests still have conservation value.

Baretić and Missoury et al. identify vertebrate proteins FAM118B and FAM118A as sirtuins similar to bacterial antiphage enzymes and show that FAM118A/B processing of NAD involves head-to-tail filament formation and a partnership between the two paralogs.

HYPOMAP integrates single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomic data to create a comprehensive spatio-cellular map of the human hypothalamus.

Clatworthy and colleagues examine adult nasal lymphoid tissues in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Longitudinal profiling reveals changes in barrier tissue to block viral entry beyond the epithelial cell layer and how tissue repair occurred after viral infection.

A patient with newly diagnosed glioblastoma was safely treated with neoadjuvant nivolumab, relatlimab and ipilimumab before maximal resection, with comprehensive immune profiling showing the induction of overall immune activation early during treatment. The patient had no definitive evidence of recurrence at 17 months after treatment.

A pooled analysis of neoadjuvant immunotherapy trials in melanoma shows that the degree of pathological response associates with patient survival and might represent a surrogate marker for long-term outcomes.

An analysis of 2,954 genomes from 38 cancer subtypes identified 19,166 retrotransposition events in 35% of samples. Aberrant LINE-1 retrotranspositions can lead to the deletion of tumor-suppressor genes as well as the amplification of oncogenes.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Since the publication of the first issue of Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, we have witnessed advances in multiple research areas that have culminated in improved outcomes for many cancer types, although substantial unmet needs remain for a majority of patients worldwide. Here, we have asked experts in several key specialities to reflect on the progress from the past 20 years and propose the next steps to enable further advances. Although we are aware that this Viewpoint cannot provide full coverage of the vast field that is clinical oncology, we hope that these messages inspire a diverse range of readers.

The connection between the molecular and physical control of embryonic tissues remains unclear. Here, the authors connect genetic mutations to changes in the physical state of posterior tissues during axis elongation, revealing a key role for dorsal tissues.

Analysis of data from multiple instruments reveals a giant exoplanet in orbit around the 0.2-solar-mass star TOI-6894. The existence of this exoplanetary system challenges assumptions about planet formation and it is an excellent target for atmospheric characterization.

In this non-comparative trial, patients with BRAF^V600-mutant resectable melanoma received either pembrolizumab alone, a sequential combination of pembrolizumab, dabrafenib and trametinib, or a concurrent combination thereof, showing encouraging clinical response rates in the concurrent therapy arm and awaiting longer follow-up.

Georgina V. Long is co-medical director of Melanoma Institute Australia and Chair of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Translational Research. She is the first woman president of the Society for Melanoma Research.

The identification of prognostic biomarkers can help stratify cancer patients. Here, the authors apply deep RNA sequencing from primary melanomas coupled with long-term clinical outcome data from a prospective multicentre phase III trial, to develop and validate a 121 metastasis-associated gene signature identifying early-stage melanoma patients at higher risk of metastasis and worse survival.

Serological analysis and infection outcomes of participants in the multi-center, prospectively enrolled OCTAVE cohort, comprising 2,686 participants with immune-suppressive diseases who recieved two COVID-19 vaccines, reveals specific clinical phenotypes that might benefit from specific COVID-19 therapeutic strategies.

A diverse, multidisciplinary panel of 386 experts in COVID-19 response from 112 countries provides health and social policy actions to address inadequacies in the pandemic response and help to bring this public health threat to an end.

Using a globally distributed standardized aerial sampling of fungal spores, we show that the hyperdiverse kingdom of fungi follows globally highly predictable spatial and temporal dynamics, with seasonality in both species richness and community composition increasing with latitude.

Understanding deregulation of biological pathways in cancer can provide insight into disease etiology and potential therapies. Here, as part of the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, the authors present pathway and network analysis of 2583 whole cancer genomes from 27 tumour types.

Results from the PRADO extension cohort of the OpACIN-neo trial show that pathologic response rate to neoadjuvant ipilimumab and nivolumab can be used as a criterion for personalization of further treatment in stage III nodal melanoma, with the potential to reduce treatment morbidity and increase patient quality of life.

The characterization of 4,645 whole-genome and 19,184 exome sequences, covering most types of cancer, identifies 81 single-base substitution, doublet-base substitution and small-insertion-and-deletion mutational signatures, providing a systematic overview of the mutational processes that contribute to cancer development.

In a post hoc analysis of the phase 2 PRADO trial, baseline emotional distress was associated with reduced clinical responses in patients with stage III melanoma treated with neoadjuvant ipilimumab and nivolumab.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

Dimitriou et al. perform multiomic profiling of patients with melanoma experiencing immunotherapy-associated toxicity and identify a targetable role for type III-associated immune responses with an increase in CD4⁺ T cells expressing IL-17A.

Viral pathogen load in cancer genomes is estimated through analysis of sequencing data from 2,656 tumors across 35 cancer types using multiple pathogen-detection pipelines, identifying viruses in 382 genomic and 68 transcriptome datasets.

A pan-cancer genomic analysis reports the effects of structural variations on chromatin domains (TADs). Most TAD disruptions do not result in appreciable changes in expression of nearby genes.

Therapeutic resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment is incompletely understood in adolescent and young-adult (AYA) patients with melanoma. Here, the authors demonstrate that AYA patients exhibit a unique stroma-infiltrating T cell immunogenomic profile compared with adults, which impacts on their responsiveness to immunotherapy.

Using multiple in vivo mouse models, Rehman and colleagues report that tumor-induced impairments in the muscle vasculature mediated by circulating activin A contribute to cachexia development during cancer progression.

Cancers evolve as they progress under differing selective pressures. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, the authors present the method TrackSig the estimates evolutionary trajectories of somatic mutational processes from single bulk tumour data.

Chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to the emergence of viral variants that show reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies in an immunosuppressed individual treated with convalescent plasma.

In this pre-specified interim analysis, patients with resected stage IIB/C melanoma who received adjuvant nivolumab had significantly prolonged recurrence-free survival compared to placebo-treated patients, providing another treatment option for this population.

A computational framework draws analogy with foams to offer a comprehensive picture of how cell behaviours influence fluidization in embryonic tissues, highlighting the role of tension fluctuations in regulating tissue rigidity.

Whole-genome sequencing data from more than 2,500 cancers of 38 tumour types reveal 16 signatures that can be used to classify somatic structural variants, highlighting the diversity of genomic rearrangements in cancer.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.