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HOXA2 expression was inhibited by aberrant hypermethylation, leading to decreased SIRT1 levels, which could increase ATF6 acetylation and activation as well as subsequent ER stress, resulting in renal damage in CKD-related fibrosis.

Ayoub et al. describe a structured clinical framework that guides large language models through stepwise diagnostic reasoning, mimicking real-world clinical workflows. This approach improves diagnostic accuracy, generates human-like explanations, and generalizes across models, datasets, and real-world hospital data.

Dendrobium is a genus of mostly epiphytic and lithophytic orchids. Here, the authors conduct comparative genome analysis for 24 chromosome-level genome assemblies and genome skimming sequencing data for 204 species in this genus, and reveal genomic variation, biosynthesis and evolutionary adaptation in Dendrobium orchids.

Targeted deletion of integrin-associated protein CD47 enhances long-term engraftment of human CD34⁺ cells in immunodeficient pigs lacking IL2RG and RAG2, enabling large-scale production of functional human immune cells.

Consuming fish oil is linked to reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in some populations, but the effects are not consistent across studies. Here the authors report that smooth muscle cell AMPKα2 is required for the protective effects of fish oil on atherosclerosis in mice, and acts via post-translational regulation of the fatty acid receptor GPR120.

It is critical to understand the factors that are associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) progression, metastasis and response to therapy. Here, the authors analyse primary and metastatic NPC samples using bulk and single-cell sequencing, and find two distinct evolutionary routes that lead to metastasis.

Designing catalysts with uniform, site-specific selectivity and activity is a significant challenge. This study introduces design principles for topological-single-atom catalysts that utilize electronic shielding to protect surfaces and control reaction pathways, achieving high selectivity without compromising activity.

The gut microbiome affects systemic metabolism and is a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. Here the authors demonstrate in a randomized controlled trial that effects of berberine, a plant alkaloid known to lower blood glucose, may be explained by the inhibition of Ruminococcus bromii mediated biotransformation of the bile acid deoxycholic acid.

It is shown that gold and several similar close-packed face-centred cubic and hexagonal metals can be vitrified, which breaks the limitation of the glass-forming ability of matter.

Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes that catalyse Mannich reactions were unknown. Now, it is reported that the PLP-dependent enzyme LolT catalyses a 5-endo-trig Mannich cyclization reaction during the pyrrolizidine core scaffold formation in loline biosynthesis, and its crystal structure is solved.

Tear secretion from lacrimal gland is essential for ocular health, but the regulatory role of sympathetic nervous system is unclear. The authors show that sympathetic activation suppresses lacrimal tear secretion and aggravates dry eye disease via NA–Adra1a–Ucp2 signaling.

Identification of a broadly therapeutic antibody h1A6.2 against enteroviruses, which mimics the entry receptor SCARB2 and triggers monocyte/macrophage-dependent Fc effector functions in mice.

Quantum speed limits are fundamental constraints on the speed of quantum state evolution. Here, the authors observe the known maximal quantum speed limits for few and many-body states on a superconducting quantum processor and identify the minimal quantum speed limits, which are less common than maximal ones.

The transcription factor FOXM1 forms functional condensates, the formation of which can be targeted with a specific peptide to suppress breast cancer growth and metastasis.

Hot carrier transport in organic systems has remained elusive due to rapid energy relaxation and limited transport properties. Here highly mobile hot carriers and their relaxation dynamics are reported in a crystalline two-dimensional conjugated coordination polymer, revealing two distinct transport regimes.

Heterogeneous geminal-atom catalysts, which pair single-atom sites in specific coordination and spatial proximity, offer a new avenue for the sustainable manufacture of fine chemicals.

De novo lipogenesis is tightly controlled by hormonal and nutritional signals and plays an important role in energy homoeostasis. Here, Liu et al. show that zinc finger protein ZBTB20 regulates the expression of key glycolytic and lipogenic genes by modulating ChREBP expression and transcriptional activity.

Monitoring the diversity of viruses infecting animals is important for assessing zoonotic risk. Here, the authors use metatranscriptomics to characterise the viromes of small mammals, pangolins, and zoo animals in China to identify potentially zoonotic viruses.

Dysregulation of the microRNA machinery has crucial roles in cancer development. Here the authors show that inactivation of proteins involved in microRNA-mediated gene silencing, such as ANKRD52 or AGO2, confers resistance to T cell-mediated immune response in a preclinical cancer model.

The authors use scanning tunneling spectroscopy to investigate the evolution of quasiparticle interference in a single-layer cuprate compound. They find evidence for an emergent normal fluid in the superconducting ground state of overdoped samples, with the gapless quasiparticles located at the antinodal region of reciprocal space.

The selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy is essential for cell homeostasis. Here, Nan et al show that the effector protein BipD, secreted by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is able to modulate host mitophagy to promote its survival.

Cuprates that are doped beyond the point that optimizes the critical temperature were thought to be understood. Now, a careful real-space investigation shows unconventional behaviour in the superconducting state caused by pair-breaking scattering.

Tong et al. describe a super pangenome assembled from long-read sequences of 545 wild and domesticated silkworms. Naturally selected (diapause, aposemantic coloration) or artificially selected (silk yield and fineness) sets of genes are delineated.

Here the authors investigate the role of the TET family of DNA demethylases in mammalian skeletal development. They find that loss of TETs leads to hypermethylation that results in decreased chromatin accessibility of RUNX2 target genes, repressing osteoblast differentiation and leading to skeletal defects in mouse such as short limbs.

Single-cell photoacoustic microscopy can perform high-throughput measurements of intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity in specimens from patients with breast cancer.

Chiral luminescent materials are of increasing interest in various applications, but achieving a desirable balance of properties can be challenging. Here, the authors report the development of Eu-based complexes with chiral luminescence and aggregation induced emission.

Xue and colleagues show that Runx3^−/− CD8⁺ T effector cells aberrantly upregulate genes characteristic of T_FH cell lineage and exhibit impaired induction of cytotoxic molecules.

Brassica napus is a globally important oil crop, but the origin of the allotetraploid genome and its improvement process are largely unknown. Here, the authors take a population genetic approach to resolve its origin and evolutionary history, and identify candidate genes related to important agricultural traits.

Electronic correlation, geometric frustration, and topology are known to individually drive intriguing properties in materials. Here, the authors explore these interactions in the quasi-kagome Kondo Weyl semimetal Ce₃TiSb₅, revealing unconventional Hall effects that underscore the complex interplay of these factors, with implications for understanding topological and magnetic phenomena

Quantum repeaters are critical components for distributing entanglement over long distances, and they can be improved by the elimination of multi-photon-pair events. Here, the authors demonstrate the storage of single photons emitted by a quantum dot in a polarization maintaining solid-state memory.

The pituitary is a complex structure with the anterior lobe containing five specialized cell types secreting different hormones. Here Cao et al. unravel a role for ZBTB20 in pituitary development and specifically in lactrotrope specification.

Typically nanofibres need to be placed on solid substrates for the next generation of devices, but this prevents light guiding. Here Wanget al. numerically and experimentally demonstrate that when a nanofibre is placed on a dielectric multilayer, it supports a Bloch surface wave confined in one dimension.

Inhibitory receptors antagonize natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Ge and colleagues show that the scaffold protein β-arrestin 2 recruits the phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 to the inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1 to enhance 'downstream' inhibitory signaling.

Iridium-based electrocatalysts are traditional anode catalysts for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis but suffer from high cost and low reserves. An alternative, nickel-stabilized ruthenium dioxide catalyst with high activity and durability in acidic oxygen evolution reaction for water electrolysis is reported.

To run algorithms on a computer they are broken down into logical operations that are implemented in hardware. A quantum logical AND gate has now been demonstrated, which could substantially improve the efficiency of near-term quantum computers.

Genetically encoded iNap sensors allow imaging of NADPH with high spatiotemporal resolution in living systems. The iNaps cover physiologically relevant NADPH concentrations and are demonstrated in mammalian cells and live zebrafish.