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Neural circuits in adult mouse visual cortex are stabilized by astrocytes, which secrete CCN1, resulting in reduced plasticity and increased maturation of multiple cell types.

Disease course and pathology an infection may cause can change owing to the structural and functional physiological changes that accumulate with age, but therapy can be tailored accordingly; disease tolerance genes show antagonistic pleiotropy.

The existing ENCODE registry of candidate human and mouse cis-regulatory elements is expanded with the addition of new ENCODE data, integrating new functional data as well as new cell and tissue types.

cfDNA fragmentomics is a potential clinically applicable method for identifying cancer. Here, the authors assess fragmentomics analysis methods and their application to commercial targeted sequencing panels.

The timely hepatitis B birth dose vaccination is recommended for all new-borns by the WHO, but coverage is inconsistent. Here, the authors model the impact of scaling-up coverage in 110 low and middle income countries and assess how it may be affected by delays for example caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Analysis of a large cohort of metastatic breast cancer samples shows that APOBEC mutational signatures are enriched in post-treatment samples. APOBEC activity was also associated with mutations known to drive drug resistance.

Steatotic liver disease (SLD), which might lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is on the rise worldwide. This Expert Recommendation draws on lessons learned to tackle viral hepatitis and proposes a framework for SLD screening and testing policies.

New York City is one of the areas most affected by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the United States, and there has been large variation in rates of hospitalisation and death by city borough. Here, the authors show that boroughs with the largest reduction in daily commutes also had the lowest SARS-CoV-2 prevalence.

Networks of miniaturized magnetoelectric wireless implantable devices can be individually powered and controlled by a single transmitter, show power and transfer data efficiencies that scale with the number of receivers and be used for spinal cord stimulation and cardiac pacing in large animals.

Liquid biopsies could be valuable tools to monitor breast cancer progression and evolution. Here, the authors investigate genomic profiling of tissue and liquid biopsies in a large cohort of patients with breast cancer during the course of therapy to characterise tumour evolution and acquired mutations.

Plasma ctDNA is a promising method to determine patient outcome in multiple cancer types. Here, the authors use shallow WGS to create machine learning signatures to identify tumor phenotypes and predict therapy response in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

Intrinsic and acquired resistances to CDK4/6 inhibitors have been described in patients with breast cancer. Here the authors report the results from a phase I/II clinical trial of the aromatase inhibitor exemestane plus everolimus (mTOR inhibitor) and palbociclib (CDK4/6i) in patients with metastatic breast cancer, assessing safety, clinical efficacy, as well as genomic and transcriptomic determinants of resistance.

The 17q23 amplicon is associated with poor outcome in ER⁺ breast cancers, but the causal genes responsible endocrine resistance in this region are unclear. In this study, the authors demonstrate that PRR11 located at 17q23, is critical for conferring endocrine resistance through activation of PI3K signalling and therefore propose PI3K inhibition as a treatment for PRR11-amplified breast cancers.

Here, the authors present and characterise a collection of human gut bacteria including novel taxa associated with health conditions and a large diversity of plasmids. All isolates, their genomes and metadata are publicly available, facilitating research by others (www.hibc.rwth-aachen.de).

The authors develop multimodal machine learning models to infer metastatic recurrence risk for early-stage, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer from H&E images using >6000 cases across three centers, outperforming a nomogram and unimodal methods.

Whole-genome sequencing of metastatic biopsies from 442 patients with breast cancer provides insights into metastatic disease, including associations of genomic features with prior treatments and identification of therapeutic vulnerabilities.

Large language models (LLMs) can synthesize vast amounts of information. Luo et al. show that LLMs—especially BrainGPT, an LLM the authors tuned on the neuroscience literature—outperform experts in predicting neuroscience results and could assist scientists in making future discoveries.

Food system transformations need nuanced approaches to modelling future outcomes. This Review explores current challenges and outlines paths forward for food system transformation modelling, with an emphasis on diversification of the approaches used and integration into decision-making processes.

A study generates a clinicogenomics dataset resource, MSK-CHORD, that combines natural language processing-derived clinical annotations with patient medical data from various sources to improve models of cancer outcome.

Ultra-sensitive cell-free DNA (cfDNA) sequencing uncovers clonal hematopoiesis as a major source of somatic cfDNA variants in healthy individuals and patients with cancer, and underscores the importance of matched white blood cell DNA sequencing in liquid biopsy procedures.

In a prospective international cohort of 1,127 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and ctDNA-guided therapy, ctDNA detection was associated with shorter survival, independently of clinicopathologic features and metabolic tumor volume.

Liquid biopsies allow the non-invasive detection of somatic mutations from tumours. Here, the authors develop and test MSK-ACCESS, an NGS-based clinical assay for identifying low frequency mutations in 129 genes and describe how it benefits patients in the clinic.

The formation of ternary degrader-protein complexes is a key step in the targeted degradation of proteins of interest. Here, the authors explore the structure and dynamics of such complexes applying high-performance computer simulations augmented with experimental data.

Cross-platform benchmarking of DNA binding specificity models highlights top-performing motif discovery methods and demonstrates the potential of advanced models to capture alternative binding modes of human transcription factors.

Analysis of 20 chemical and morphological plant traits at diverse sites across 6 continents shows that the transition from semi-arid to arid zones is associated with an unexpected 88% increase in trait diversity.

Derailed differentiation of human-specific progenitors of the developing cerebellar rhombic lip is the cause of group 4 medulloblastoma, the most common childhood brain tumour.