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Results forecast that cliff retreat rates will increase by up to an order of magnitude by 2100 according to current predictions of sea-level rise, and reveal that even historically stable rock coasts are highly sensitive to sea-level rise.

Plough marks in Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica, left by the keels of drifting icebergs 12,000 years ago provide evidence that marine ice-cliff instability can drive rapid ice-sheet retreat.

Neural circuits in adult mouse visual cortex are stabilized by astrocytes, which secrete CCN1, resulting in reduced plasticity and increased maturation of multiple cell types.

Predicted sea-level rise is widely anticipated to lead to increased coastal erosion, however, assessing how rocky coasts will respond to changes in marine conditions is difficult to constrain. Here, the authors find that a North Yorkshire rocky cliff has been eroding at a similar rate over the last 7 kyr, and they do not observe an increase in erosion rates in response to modern sea level rise.

New hominin fossils from the Grotte à Hominidés at Thomas Quarry I (ThI-GH) in Casablanca, Morocco, dated to around 773 thousand years ago are similar in age to Homo antecessor, yet are morphologically distinct.

Here the authors show that persistent antigen stimulation drives the generation of CD8⁺ tissue-resident exhausted T cells with distinct developmental origins, function and therapeutic responsiveness when compared to CD8⁺ tissue-resident memory T cells.

Efficient statistical emulation of melting land ice under various climate scenarios to 2100 indicates a contribution from melting land ice to sea level increase of at least 13 centimetres sea level equivalent.

 Analysis of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet response to past warm periods and current observations of change highlight the importance of satisfying the Paris Climate Agreement to avoid a multi-metre contribution to sea level over the next few centuries.

Sea-level rise poses a substantial risk to coastal communities and economies, thus accurate predictions are needed to enable planning and adaptation. This Perspective provides an overview of uncertainties in model projections of sea-level rise, and how observations can be used to reduce these.

MouseGoggles is a miniaturized virtual reality (VR) headset for mice that provides an improved immersive experience compared with existing VR equipment. MouseGoggles can also be combined with pupil tracking and has been applied in combination with calcium imaging or electrophysiological recordings.

Bosonic qubits can be engineered to feature intrinsic protection against certain kinds of errors, which makes quantum error correction across many bosonic qubits possible with less overhead.

The authors used deep metric learning to characterize 650 neuroactive compounds by zebrafish behavioral profiles. After redesigning a large screen to overcome AI/ML shortcut learning, zebrafish behavioral similarity found compounds acting on the same human receptors as structurally dissimilar drugs.

A machine learning approach is presented to identify dominant patterns in disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The nonlinearity of ALS progression has important clinical implications.

The expression of each of the roughly 22,000 genes of the mouse genome has been mapped, at cellular resolution, across all major structures of the mouse brain, revealing that 80% of all genes appear to be expressed in the brain.

Genomic analysis of Plasmodium DNA from 36 ancient individuals provides insight into the global distribution and spread of malaria-causing species during around 5,500 years of human history.

In determining punishment, an actor's mental state often trumps the impact of emotions, as unintended harms may go unpunished, regardless of their magnitude. Using fMRI, the authors reveal a temporoparietal-medial-prefrontal circuit that regulates amygdala activity and by which evaluation of a transgressor's mental state gates our emotional urges to punish.

 A transcriptomic cell-type atlas of the whole adult mouse brain with ~5,300 clusters built from single-cell and spatial transcriptomic datasets with more than eight million cells reveals remarkable cell type diversity across the brain and unique cell type characteristics of different brain regions. 

Osteoporosis researchers do not suffer from a lack of potential drug targets—so one challenge is to decide which ones to focus on. Yongwon Choi, Matthew C. Walsh and Joseph R. Arron now examine several molecules involved in bone biology and assess their prospects. In a second commentary, Cliff Rosen analyzes findings that serotonin, derived from the gut, regulates bone formation. The findings not only could lead to new drug targets, they also could help explain clinical data that serotonin reuptake inhibitors—widely prescribed as antidepressants—weaken bones.

Foundation models enable rapid adaptation to various downstream tasks and are hence about to become a new paradigm in biomedicine. Here, the authors develop LLaVA-Rad, a small AI that bests larger models in chest X-ray interpretation, and CheXprompt, a radiologist-aligned factuality metric, to enable scalable, privacy-preserving image analysis.

Photoreceptor proteins utilise biological chromophores to regulate a large range of cellular processes in response to light. Here the authors identify and characterise a sub-family of multi-centre photoreceptors, termed photocobilins, that not only utilise B₁₂ but also contain biliverdin (BV) as an additional chromophore.

The extent to which sea level will rise under climate change is uncertain, with some of this uncertainty being quantifiable and some unquantifiable. This Review discusses past and present presentations of this uncertainty in IPCC and regional assessments, as well as their influence on users' interpretations.

Abrupt changes are developing across Antarctica’s ice, ocean and biological systems; some of these changes are intensifying faster than equivalent Arctic changes, potentially irreversibly, and their interactions are expected to worsen other impacts across the Antarctic environment and global climate system.

Hydrogen evolution technologies for a future carbon-free energy economy require efficient catalysts which can be implemented on a large scale. Here, the authors prepare a composite electrode from readily available elements, whereby a metal-organic framework boosts catalytic performance by enabling rapid proton transport.

The chemical synthesis of nucleoside analogues with modifications at the 2-position often requires multiple steps and the extensive use of protecting groups. Now, biocatalytic cascades are reported for the synthesis of 2-functionalized sugars and 2′-functionalized nucleosides, using enzymes derived from those of the purine nucleoside salvage pathway.

The 12 January 2010 M_w 7.0 Haiti earthquake exhibited primarily strike-slip motion but unusually generated a tsunami. An extensive field survey reveals that coastal strike-slip fault systems produce relief conducive to rapid sedimentation, erosion and slope failure, so that even modest predominantly strike-slip earthquakes can cause potentially catastrophic slide-generated tsunamis.

Primary biliary cirrhosis is an autoimmune liver disease with poor therapeutic options. Here Cordell et al. a perform meta-analysis of European genome-wide association studies identifying six novel risk loci and a number of potential therapeutic pathways.

Whether exploration causes earthquakes has been a matter of recent contention particularly regarding shale gas exploration. Here, the authors use hydraulic modelling and earthquake locations to show that brine production and wastewater injection in the Azle area are likely causing earthquakes.

β-phosphoglucomutase (βPGM) from Lactococcus lactis is a phosphoryl transfer enzyme required for catabolism of trehalose and maltose. Coupled analyses of multiple βPGM structures and enzymatic activity lead to the proposal of allomorphy — a post-translational mechanism controlling enzyme activity.

Electron microscopy (EM) is the gold standard for biological ultrastructure but acquisition speed is slow, making it unsuitable for large volumes. Here the authors present a parallel imaging pipeline for continuous autonomous imaging with six transmission EMs to image 1 mm³ of mouse cortex in less than 6 months.

The integration of α-tantalum in superconducting circuits has significantly enhanced transmon qubit coherence times, yet conventional high-temperature deposition methods pose compatibility challenges with thermally sensitive components. Here, the authors demonstrate a room-temperature growth process using a niobium seed layer, resulting in resonators with state-of-the-art quality factors, thereby expanding the practical applications of α-tantalum in superconducting circuits.

Septins are cytoskeletal proteins that form a ring at the cytokinetic furrow. Now an analogous 'molecular corset' of septins is found to be required for T lymphocyte migration.

Gouwens et al. established a morpho-electrical taxonomy of cell types for the mouse visual cortex via unsupervised clustering analysis of multiple quantitative features from 1,938 neurons available online at the Allen Cell Types Database.

Cash payments and other arrangements between patent holders and their competitors in exchange for a delayed market entry interfere with free-market principles and keep product prices at a premium, which affects payers, governments, healthcare providers and especially patients.

This study explores the scientific potential of crowdsourced observations during volcanic eruptions, using the 2021 Fagradalsfjall (Iceland) and Cumbre Vieja (Canary Islands) events as case studies.

Cellobiohydrolases are promising tools in biofuel production by hydrolysing cellulose into cellobiose. Here the authors use optical tweezers to show that Cellobiohydrolase 1 fromTricodermia reeseifunctions processively against moderate load, and likely uses multiple energy sources to fuel each step along the cellulose fibre.

Information on species abundances and distributions is essential for developing conservation policy and assessing change. Yet publically available data increases exploitation potential. This Perspective presents a decision framework to assess the risks and benefits of publically sharing biodiversity data.