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The authors use a computational model of word recognition to show that adults’ interpretation of young children’s speech depends heavily on beliefs about what children are likely to say.

In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) tau and neurodegeneration have complex regional relationships. Here, the authors show neuronal hypometabolism discordant with tau burden defines functional resilience or susceptibility to Alzheimer’s pathology via limbic/cortical axes. Susceptible groups have faster cognitive decline and evidence of non-Alzheimer’s pathologies.

Moving beyond the Gini coefficient in studying inequality, Blesch et al. identify two parameters that capture inequality concentrated at the top and bottom. The results challenge mixed associations between inequality and policy outcomes.

Integrating tissue histology with spatial transcriptomics (ST) can significantly enhance the analysis of tumor heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, the authors present METI, a computational framework to analyze cancer cells and the complex TME by integrating ST with histology imaging.

Natural proteins exhibit rich structural diversity based on the folds of an invariably linear chain. Here the authors design a single-domain GFP catenane as the counterpart of conventional linear GFP with enhanced thermal resilience and to provide a robust scaffold for making fusion protein catenanes.

A study proposes four ways in which foods sourced in aquatic environments can contribute to healthier, more environmentally sustainable and equitable food systems, and examines the relevance of these ambitions to nations.

In rodents, cells in the medial entorhinal cortex and subiculum are known to encode the allocentric direction to nearby walls and boundaries. Here, using fMRI the authors show that this is also true in humans, with allocentric boundary direction being encoded in posterior entorhinal cortex and subiculum.

Face stimuli that are perceived as emotionally expressive rather than neutral are associated with specific neural responses in V1. Here the authors show that valence information perceived from facial expressions is computed in the amygdala and fed back to V1 via direct anatomical projections.

A latent diffusion model pre-trained on pairs of natural images and text descriptors can be adapted to generate diverse and visually plausible synthetic chest X-ray images whose appearance can be controlled with free-form medical text prompts.

Despite medications, heart failure worsens with time with many patients dying within five years of diagnosis. Here the authors show that blocking purinergic receptors in the carotid body stops heart failure progression, improves its function, reduces sleep apneas and systemic inflammation in male rats.

Electrical activity in neural organoids is captured with a device inspired by a paper-cutting art.

Previous work has identified cells in L2/3 of auditory cortex which strongly respond with bursting to a specific learned chord, but not to single component tones in an auditory task. Here the authors show that these cells correlate with the behavioral relevance of the learned composite sounds.

Further automation of NMR structure determination is needed to increase the throughput and accessibility of this method. Here the authors present 4D-CHAINS/autoNOE-Rosetta, a complete pipeline that allows rapid and fully automated structure determination from two highly complementary NMR datasets.

Oligodendrocytes myelinate and metabolically support axons. The role of myelination in information processing beyond regulation of conduction velocity is unclear. Here, the authors show that myelination contributes to sustained stimulus perception in the auditory cortex, shaping neuronal responses.

A new study generated and optimized a polygenic score for chronic kidney disease with reproducible performance across 15 cohorts of different ancestries, and identified potentially clinically relevant thresholds with predicted effects comparable to having a family history of the disease.

Adventitious roots are induced in various woody plants, enabling clonal propagation.

Antarctic ice cap discovered to be home to huge (6% of the currently mapped area identified as terrestrial photosynthetic life in Antarctica) and unique photosynthetic microbe community but their darker colour on the surface is likely to make the snow and ice melt faster.

Genome-wide association meta-analyses of waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index in more than 224,000 individuals identify 49 loci, 33 of which are new and many showing significant sexual dimorphism with a stronger effect in women; pathway analyses implicate adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution.

It is known that invasive lung adenocarcinomas evolve from pre-cancerous dysplastic lesions. In this study, the authors show that evolution of pre-cancerous lesions is accompanied by DNA methylation alterations, and that global hypomethylation correlates with immune infiltration, mutational burden and copy number alterations.

Zikherman and colleagues uncover a new mechanism by which B cells recognize virus-like antigen display as a stand-alone danger signal (independent of nucleic acid cargo) that does not rely exclusively on avidity and BCR cross-linking.

Malaria mosquitoes use their ears to detect the flight tones of mating partners in the swarm as part of the courtship ritual. Here, the authors describe the auditory role of octopamine as a modulator of auditory plasticity in malaria mosquitoes and identify the main receptors involved in this process.

A high-resolution kidney cellular atlas of 51 main cell types, including rare and previously undescribed cell populations, represents a comprehensive benchmark of cellular states, neighbourhoods, outcome-associated signatures and publicly available interactive visualizations.

The limited infiltration and migration of T cells in the brain can hinder the success of immune checkpoint blockade in glioblastoma (GBM). Here the authors show that an adeno-associated virus-based gene therapy for the intratumor delivery of CXCL9 promotes T cell infiltration and enhances response to anti-PD1 in GBM preclinical models.

In vivo detection of cell senescence remains a challenge in aging research. This work introduces a novel fluorogenic probe for β-Gal activity that is excreted in urine, providing a simple diagnosis method to estimate the systemic load of senescent cells during aging and senolytic interventions.

Extracellular vesicles decorated with an antibody-binding moiety specific for the fragment crystallizable domain can be used as a modular delivery system for targeted cancer therapy.

Repeated head impact exposure can cause memory and behavioural impairments but the physiological changes in the brain are not well understood. Here, the authors reveal synaptic adaptations as a potential mechanism for early abnormal behavioural events observed after mild and high-frequency head impact.

How animals distinguish family members from unrelated conspecifics is not fully understood. Here Levréro et al.show that although the structure of mandrill vocalisations can be modulated by their social environment, it still contains information that may be used to recognise unfamiliar relatives.

Bone is innervated, and its turnover is affected by sympathetic nerve activity. Here, the authors show that prostaglandin E2, secreted by osteoblasts, activates the EP4 receptor on sensory nerves, inhibiting sympathetic nerve activity and modulating bone formation in mice.

Various methods have been investigated to locally control atmospheric precipitation. In this study, field experiments show that laser-induced condensation is initiated when the relative humidity exceeds 70%, and that this effect is largely a result of photochemical HNO₃formation.

International maritime shipping accounts for an important proportion of global CO₂ emissions, but its role in a world with deep decarbonization has not been thoroughly examined. Through a multi-model comparison, this study reveals the necessity of reducing and stabilizing emissions from this sector in the next few decades.

The beneficial effects of exercise on cardiovascular disease are linked to decreased inflammation through crosstalk between adipose tissue and hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

The lead-free chalcogenide perovskite BaZrS3 is shown to exhibit piezoelectricity. The loosely packed structure of BaZrS3 allows for an extended displacement of the ions, resulting in symmetry breaking and an enhanced dipole moment.

The energy density in redox flow batteries is currently limited by the solubility of dissolved redox species. Now it has been shown that intermolecular C–H···π interactions can disrupt electrostatic forces in these organic electrolytes to improve their solubility in non-aqueous solvents.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are immune cells present in adipose tissue that contribute to metabolic homeostasis. Here the authors show that Death Receptor 3 (DR3) engagement on ILC2s ameliorates glucose tolerance, protects against insulin-resistance onset and reverses established insulin-resistance.

This Review discusses the design and functionality of neuromorphic olfactory perception chips, focusing on key technologies, including sensing materials, device structures and signal processing algorithms. The authors also highlight the practical applications and future prospects of these chips in various fields.

By focusing a sub-relativistic infrared laser pulse onto a silica target, a periodic deflection pattern of attosecond electron pulse trains is observed. It reveals these subcycle charge dynamics with a streaking speed of ~60 μrad as⁻¹.

Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) is a translation factor and predominantly cytoplasmic, but can also be found in the nucleus. Here authors show using a fly model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease that nuclear localization of mutant TyrRS contributes to the CMT-like phenotype.

Light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) photoreceptors perceive blue light to elicit spatio-temporally defined cellular responses, and their signalling process has been extensively characterized. Here the authors report that the light signal is still transduced in the absence of a conserved Gln residue, thought to be key.

The mechanisms by which measles virus infection induces transient immune suppression in humans are poorly understood. Here, Laksono and colleagues characterise the pathogenesis of measles-associated immune suppression in unvaccinated children, and shed new light on the long-term effects of measles on the host.

Bringing together multiple models and databases on nature’s contributions to people, the authors map these contributions globally and determine the critical areas where their magnitude is the highest and where they provide the highest potential human benefit.

Patchiness in the distribution of phytoplankton promotes many of the ecological interactions that underpin the marine food web. This study shows that turbulence, ubiquitous in the ocean, counter-intuitively ‘unmixes’ a population of motile phytoplankton, generating intense, small-scale patchiness in its distribution.

Auxotrophic bacteria rely on transporters to acquire essential compounds from their environment. Here, Hernandez-Valdes et al. show that a riboswitch generates long-term, stable heterogenous expression of a high-affinity methionine transporter in auxotrophic Lactococcus lactis.