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Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Genomic studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have advanced the understanding of its neurobiology but are still constrained by one of the most pronounced Eurocentric biases in psychiatric genetics. Expanding ADHD genomics to under-represented populations, particularly in Latin America, offers a unique opportunity to yield transformative discoveries by capturing the genetic diversity of admixed individuals. We call for a global, coordinated effort to prioritize diversity in ADHD research, not only to foster innovation in precision psychiatry but also to ensure that these advancements benefit all populations equitably.

A previously unsampled deep lineage in central Argentina was discovered that had distinctive genetic drift by 8,500 bp and persisted as the main Native American ancestry component in the region up to the present day.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) variability and its phenotypic consequences aren’t well studied in relation to viral replication fitness and disease severity. Here, the authors identify a replication-enhancing domain in non-structural protein 5A, linking high replication fitness to severe disease outcomes, with implications for understanding HCV pathogenesis in immunocompromised patients.

Horses have lived in Iberia since the Ice Age. Using ancient genomes to study their history, Lira Garrido et al. reveal a local wild lineage lasting until Late Iron Age, and highlight the far-reaching influence of Iberian bloodlines across Europe and north Africa during the Iron Age and beyond.

Chikungunya virus is endemic in Brazil and cases have been rapidly increasing in recent years. Here, the authors describe the expansion of a genomic surveillance program across the country allowing them to characterise the emergence and dispersal of two distinct subclades mainly seeded from the north eastern region.

Machine learning models often struggle with limited datasets and compliance with physical laws. Here, the authors introduce a projection-based method that ensures predictions adhere to physical constraints, demonstrating enhanced accuracy and reliability in case studies with low-temperature reactive plasma and a simpler spring-mass system, offering a framework for resource-limited scenarios.

Genomic and epidemiologic analyses revealed that a novel reassortant viral lineage of the Oropouche virus, which has been circulating in the western Amazon region of Brazil for about a decade, is associated with the recent human outbreaks between 2022 and 2024.

Here, the authors present results of the ZiBRA-2 project (https://www.zibra2project.org) which is an arbovirus surveillance project, across the Midwest of Brazil using a mobile genomics laboratory, combined with a genomic surveillance training program that targeted post-graduate students, laboratory technicians, and health practitioners in universities and laboratories.

This study uncovers a distinct mechanistic pathway for bio-olefin production from industrial feedstocks by fatty acid peroxygenases through unconventional decarboxylation, paving the way for sustainable bio-based hydrocarbon production.

People of Mexico have diverse historical and genetic background. Here, Romero-Hidalgo and colleagues sequence whole genomes of Native Americans of Mexico, and show demographic history and genetic variation shared among subgroups of Native Americans.

Wood density is a key control on tree biomass, and understanding its spatial variation improves estimates of forest carbon stock. Sullivan et al. measure >900 forest plots to quantify wood density and produce high resolution maps of its variation across South American tropical forests.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil is assessed using phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis.

This work presents GōMartini 3, an improved coarse-grained protein model combining physics- and structure-based approaches. It boosts computational efficiency and accuracy for structured soluble and membrane as well as disordered peptides/proteins.

Here the authors investigate of the structural basis of substrate recognition and the catalytic mechanism of the mannosyltransferase PimE, which is crucial for the biosynthesis of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A histology-informed, diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging simulation framework improves the non-invasive assessment of cancer biology in solid tumours in vivo

Spin-to-charge interconversion is a foundational requirement for spin-based electronics. Herein, Victor et al explore spin-pumping in MoS₂, and reveal two spin-pumping channels arising from the metallic edge and semiconducting bulk respectively.

Grussu et al. use co-localised MRI and histology data to design a practical MRI technique for cell size and density measurement in liver tumours in vivo. The method provides non-invasive proxies of histological properties that are associated to cell proliferation, that explain tumour volume and that distinguish liver tumour types.

A nanofluidic model system is used to explore how polymer interactions between large dsDNA molecules can give rise to self-organizing behavior in compartments with controlled anisotropy. The reported findings may help explain the observed non-uniform distribution of plasmids in E. coli.

Apelin and AVP have opposing effects water balance in humans and rodents. Here, the authors report that a metabolically stable apelin-17 analog, by acting at the kidney level, reduces AVP-induced antidiuresis and improves hyponatremia in rodents, demonstrating a potential approach for treating water metabolism disorders.

Tumor-draining lymph nodes are often the first site of metastasis in breast cancer patients. Here, the authors show that metastatic lymph nodes are characterized by the accumulation of suppressive regulatory T cells with a distinct phenotype compared to matched non-invaded lymph nodes and tumors.

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is a premature aging disease and smooth muscle cells are the most affected cells in HGPS individuals. Here, the authors report a microfluidics platform with HGPS induced pluripotent stem cells and show that inhibition of metalloprotease 13 may reduce smooth muscle cell loss.

Some human amyloid proteins have been shown to interact with viral proteins, suggesting that they may have potential as therapeutic agents. Here the authors design synthetic amyloids specific for influenza A and Zika virus proteins, respectively, and show that they can inhibit viral replication.

The authors pooled resources to identify best practices and develop a new standardized protocol for estimating functional connectivity in rats with magnetic resonance imaging.

A diverse, multidisciplinary panel of 386 experts in COVID-19 response from 112 countries provides health and social policy actions to address inadequacies in the pandemic response and help to bring this public health threat to an end.

BAX and BAK are proapoptotic proteins that directly mediate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Here, lipidomics and other data provide insight on how local lipid environment affects BAX and BAK function during apoptosis, suggesting that unsaturated lipids promote BAX pore activity.

Observations of TOI-849b reveal a radius smaller than Neptune’s but a large mass of about 40 Earth masses, indicating that the planet is the remnant core of a gas giant.

Bacillus anthracis causes the infectious disease anthrax. Here, the authors synthesized deoxy glycosides that are effective against B. anthracis and related bacteria and found that these amphiphilic compounds kill bacteria via an unusual mechanism of action.

Cortex morphology varies with age, cognitive function, and in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Here the authors report 160 genome-wide significant associations with thickness, surface area and volume of the total cortex and 34 cortical regions from a GWAS meta-analysis in 22,824 adults.

It remains peculiar how to generate macroscopic work by harnessing the microscopic activity of living or synthetic agents like bacteria or micro-robots. Vincenti et al. show a biological rotary motor by self-assembling magnetotactic bacteria inside a droplet, producing a net torque on the droplet surface.

To inform deeper water conservation, restoration and ecology, a study explores factors affecting benthic community colonization. In two years, depth impacted species richness and coverage the most, followed by substrate orientation and material.