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Companion diagnostics using biomarkers are promising for guiding radiotherapy, but biopsy-based techniques normally fail to detect real-time variations in target response and tumor heterogeneity. Herein, the authors report an activated afterglow/MRI probe as a companion diagnostics tool for dynamically assessing biomarker apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1(APE1) during radiotherapy in vivo.

Extensive flat surfaces observed beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet margin were formed by fluvial erosion and have modulated the ice-sheet response to climate change, according to an analysis of radio-echo sounding data.

A scalable total synthesis of portimines enables structural reassignment of portimine B and in-depth functional evaluation of portimine A, revealing that portimine A induces translation inhibition selectively in human cancer cells and is efficacious in vivo tumour-clearance models.

The authors identify a neural population in the basal forebrain of mice that is key for maintaining energy balance by facilitating homoeostatic feeding while suppressing hedonic overeating.

The cardiac conduction system dictates the pacing of the heartbeat, but despite its importance relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying its development. Here they show that the G4 resolvase Dhx36 is important for regulating cardiac conduction system morphogenesis and function.

This study shows that smoking worsens neovascular age-related macular degeneration via the Sema4D-PlexinB1 pathway. Targeting Sema4D reduces choroidal neovascularization and enhances anti-VEGF therapy efficacy, offering a potential therapeutic approach.

Worldwide, the number of only-child families is increasing. This research examines how growing up without siblings affects adult brain structure, function and connectivity, cognition, personality and mental health.

The cis-regulatory functions of human accelerated regions of genomic loci and their potential contribution to human brain evolution are revealed.

Greg Barsh and colleagues show that two loci for dark skin in mice result from mutations in Rps19 and Rps20, encoding the ribosomal proteins S19 and S20. They further show that the dark skin phenotype and other pleiotropic effects of these mutations, including reduced erythrocyte count and body size, are mediated through stabilization of p53.

The fabrication of perovskite heterojunctions is challenging. Mali et al. develop a heterojunction with two different crystalline phases of CsPbI₃, achieving 21.5% and 18.4% efficiencies on small-area solar cells and 18 cm² solar modules, respectively.

Cui et al. identify an important role for MLL3 in regulating the hybrid epithelial–mesenchymal transition state in breast cancer and show that deletion of MLL3 enhances metastatic capacity through increased IFNγ signalling.

Current wearable and implantable biosensors still face challenges to improve sensitivity, stability and scalability. Here the authors report inkjet-printable, mass-producible core–shell nanoparticle-based biosensors to monitor a broad range of biomarkers.

The study revealed how nitrogen fertilization affects fast and slow turnover pools of soil organic carbon differently. The authors found labile particulate organic carbon increased if SOC was below 1.5%, while stable mineral associated organic carbon increased above this critical threshold.

Glucagon plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels. Here, Liu et al. show that

activation of α-cell Gs signaling promotes the release of glucagon from pancreatic islets and ensures the synthesis of sufficient amounts of glucagon.

Reactive sulfane sulfur species such as persulfides and H₂S₂ are important redox regulators and linked to H₂S signaling, but their study is hindered by a lack of suitable donors to produce them. Here, the authors report 2H-thiopyran-2-thione sulfine (TTS), a compound which can specifically convert H₂S to HSOH, and then to H₂S₂ in the presence of excess H₂S.

The mechanisms involved in the formation of the premetastatic niche in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not completely elucidated. Here, the authors show that matrix stiffness in HCC induces cancer-exosome release which increases glucose availability in the lung premetastatic niche favouring metastasis formation and growing.

Cross-ancestry and sex-stratified genome-wide association analyses for 21 amygdala volumetric traits in East Asian and European individuals provide insight into the genetic architectures of amygdala and subnucleus volumes.

A consensus cell type atlas for the fly brain provides both an intellectual framework and open-source toolchains for brain-scale comparative connectomics.

Current approaches to detect allograft damages non-invasively are limited and do not differentiate between cellular mechanisms. Here, the authors show that the composition of cell-free DNA in blood samples can reveal cellular causes of allograft injury after liver transplant.

Biophysical cues play a crucial role in T cell biology, yet their implications in adoptive T cell therapy remain elusive. Here the authors use a charged substrate to enhance T cell proliferation and anti-tumor function for adoptive transfer therapy, with the mechanism of amplifying TCR signaling, activating EGR1 signaling and impeding virtual memory T polarization.

Retarder arrays enable advanced photonic applications but are limited by controllable flexibility. Here, authors demonstrate a compound modulator that creates synthetic tuneable retarder arrays, offering unprecedented dynamic control of light, enabling new beam generation, analysis, and correction.

Spontaneous parthenogenesis in sunflower has been used to develop a scalable doubled haploid breeding system.

Here, the authors implement a genetic approach grouping fasting insulin-associated genetic variants based on their genetic and phenotypic similarities and highlight specific processes that decouple increased fasting insulin levels from T2D and cardiovascular risk, offering potential avenues for investigating process-specific pathways of disease risk.

The breakup of Gondwana saw gradual climatic shifts, including an Aptian cooling tied to the South Atlantic’s opening and later high greenhouse temperatures due to reduced carbon burial, reflecting changes in rifting and environmental transitions, as revealed through a magneto-cyclostratigraphic age model from the Aptian São Luís-Grajaú Basin.

Identifying and segmenting medical images plays a crucial role in advancing precision cancer treatment. This study proposes a Vision Foundation Model General Lightweight (VFMGL) framework, which facilitates the decentralized construction of expert clinical models for various medical image tasks.

Socioeconomic status is multidimensional and can change over time. Xu, Lui, Ji et al. found dimension-specific, late-stage-specific and change-specific socioeconomic effects on brain, cognition, personality and emotion.

La mostra Preserving the brain è una collaborazione tra 13 centri di ricerca, e si concluderà con una conferenza sulle malattie neurodegenerative in ottobre.

Gluconeogenesis produces glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates, particularly occurs during fasting. Here, the authors show lysine methyltransferase KMT5C promotes gluconeogenesis by decreasing PGC-1α degradation, which is independent of its methyltransferase activity.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) rapidly expand upon infection, switching their metabolic profile to increase OXPHOS. Here, the authors show in mouse models that infection promotes uptake of long-chain free fatty acids via CD36, which is required for a protective response.

Mesenchymal stem cells adopt differentiation pathways based upon mechanical cues in their environment which change throughout development. Here the authors develop a material and culture system to modify and measure the degree to which cells retain cumulative effects of mechanosensing to explore how cells erase the memory of some cues while locking in memory of others.

The unique structure and mechanism of chanoclavine synthase (EasC), a haem catalase that uses superoxide for substrate transformation in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis, are revealed in this study, challenging established catalase mechanisms.

Observations of γ-rays with energies up to 1.4 PeV find that 12 sources in the Galaxy are PeVatrons, one of which is the Crab Nebula.

Rare genetic variants in UNC93B1 predispose to childhood-onset lupus via TLR7/-8–IRAK1/-4, validated with a corresponding mouse model.

Existing methods can lack spatiotemporal accuracy to manipulate dynamic mitochondrial behaviour in live cells. Here the authors report an optogenetic method to control mitochondria-lysosome contacts and induce mitochondrial fission; they use photoactivatable dimerizers including CRY2/CIB and SspB/iLID.

The gut microbiota bacterium Ruminococcus gnavus is implicated in the development of cirrhotic liver encephalopathy through the production of neurotoxins.

Here the authors use cryo-electron microscopy to provide insights into fatty acid recycling by an acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthesizing enzyme, showing a transition from a hexameric to tetrameric form in the process of acyl-ACP production.

Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) achieves high recanalization rates in acute stroke, but many patients still experience poor outcomes. Here, the authors show that intravenous edaravone dexborneol (ED) is safe and reduces early hemorrhage but does not significantly improve 90-day functional outcomes in stroke patients after EVT.

The electrochemical coupling of NO₃⁻ and CO₂ to produce urea using entangled iron porphyrins embedded in three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks is reported. The spatial localization of twin iron sites overcomes the unordered transfer of intermediates, enabling carbon–nitrogen coupling.

Aging-related immune alteration has been attributed to increased susceptibility to infection and cancer. Here the authors show, using both lung cancer samples and mouse models, that aged Treg cells express higher levels of an ER enzyme, SOAT2, have altered cholesterol metabolism, and induce CD8⁺ T cell senescence to dampen anti-tumor immunity.

Here the authors define METTL2A/2B/6-dependent m³C tRNA modification in human cells and uncover a particular requirement of m³C32 tRNA modification for serine codon-biased mRNA translation of cell cycle, and DNA repair genes.

Biopolymers adopt functional tertiary structures through folding and multiplex formation. Synthetic molecules with protein-like dimensions — monodisperse cyclic porphyrin polymers with diameters of 13–21 nm — have now been shown to exhibit biomimetic self-organization by forming nested structures on a gold surface. These assemblies are formed both under vacuum and during deposition from solution.

Three-dimensional genome organization is crucial for the recombination and transcription of immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) genes. Here, the authors elucidate how regulatory elements in the 3′Igh domain influence chromatin structure and stripe formation.