Review Articles

This Review summarizes recent technical advancements in generative AI, outlines how new models might improve healthcare and discusses validation approaches—using lessons from recent successes and failures in the field.

There are strong indications that MNP exposure negatively impacts human health, but a robust evidence base is lacking. This Review focuses on the current state of the science, offering a critical review of the data, analytical challenges and research priorities.

This Review of the WHO’s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform presents a snapshot of the global cancer trial landscape and provides critical empirical evidence to inform policy, practice and investment.

The detrimental impact of air pollution on health is well known, but why is it so difficult to control? This Review evaluates multilevel interventions in the context of the evolving climate crisis and discusses what works and does not work.

This Review explores the intrinsic returns that would stem from comprehensive, gender-responsive investments in the health of women, by allowing full access to education and fair labor force participation—and wider benefits for communities and societies.

Unique biological, exposomal, economic and sociocultural factors shape resilience and brain health across the globe; this Review discusses underlying mechanisms of resilience, measurement approaches, operationalization and research gaps.

This Review summarizes the current knowledge on mortality-defining toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies beyond cytokine-release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. The authors discuss underlying mechanisms and how these affect timing and management, and outline key unmet needs and future priorities.

This Review discusses the scientific and technological breakthroughs reshaping transplant medicine, with a focus on the transformative role of artificial intelligence, xenotransplantation and tissue engineering as new sources of organs, and novel approaches to immunosuppression.

Advances in beta cell differentiation have propelled cell therapies for diabetes into the clinic; this Review outlines the lessons learned from early-phase trials and discusses the clinical, manufacturing and regulatory challenges that must now be overcome.

This Review summarizes the current knowledge on sources, types and health effects of synthetic chemical contaminants in foods, particularly ultra-processed foods, and discusses regulatory shortcomings and policy-relevant research needs.

This Review critically examines the evidence base in precision nutrition research, discusses the challenges in translating short-term studies into long-term clinical effectiveness and highlights the many opportunities that lie ahead.

The ONCOBIOME network has generated new tools to measure dysbiosis and completed numerous trials aimed at modifying the microbiota to enhance cancer treatment; this Review summarizes the key advances and the progress toward translating them into clinical practice.

This Review summarizes recent and compelling examples of microbiome-based interventions that are ripe for clinical adoption while also discussing the challenges and opportunities facing the field.

This Review discusses the evolving landscape of biomedical HIV prevention technologies for women in Africa—who bear a disproportionate burden of new infections—and the cost-effectiveness, implementation and financing of these tools.

Organoid research is moving beyond developmental and disease biology, driving insights into current and emerging health threats and enabling personalized and regenerative medicine applications.

This Review explores the state-of-the-art applications of artificial intelligence in small-molecule drug development, from target identification and drug synthesis up to clinical trial design and conduct.

Despite increasing availability of pharmacotherapies, interventions targeting unhealthy lifestyle behaviors continue to be critically important in the prevention and management of cardiometabolic diseases—and should be reinforced by supportive environments and policy measures.

Political polarization is an understudied determinant of health. This Review describes the types of political polarization and how they impact the health of populations and individuals, including potential mitigation strategies and research priorities.

This Review summarizes the state of clinical research on cell replacement therapy for neurological conditions, and discusses the challenges facing the field, from immunosuppression and therapeutic delivery to cost issues.

Tackling antimicrobial resistance will require a sustainable research and development ecosystem for antibiotic development, alongside strategies for responsible use and global access.