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The gut microbiome presents in a multi-kingdom form and tunes host health in various ways. Studies published in 2025 have further pushed this frontier by unveiling the enigmatic roles of the gut fungi and bacteria in cross-organ regulations of host homeostasis through metabolite and immune cell-mediated pathways.
Some of the highlights in the pancreatic cancer field in 2025 include long-term data on personalized neoantigen vaccine approaches in resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma, detailed clinico-genomic analyses of large clinical trial datasets, and therapeutic strategies for early-stage disease.
The year 2025 has seen substantial advances in the understanding and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, providing new insights into its systemic effects. Emerging evidence in 2025 supports integrated heart–liver co-management, translating the concept into actionable clinical strategies.
In summary, 2025 has seen a shift in focus from pure therapeutic management to active disease prevention. The message is unambiguous. The next breakthrough in IBD will not emerge solely from new drugs or biologics, but from reimagining how we live, eat and engage with the microbial ecosystems that define our health.
Chronic hepatitis B infection remains the dominant aetiology of liver-related complications and hepatocellular carcinoma. In 2025, key evidence emerged supporting the expansion of treatment criteria, confirming the feasibility of an RNA interference-based combination regimen to boost functional cure rate, and identifying low-risk individuals who might not require liver cancer surveillance.
Gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma remains a major global health challenge, with a rising incidence among younger individuals worldwide despite advances in biomarker-directed targeted therapies and immunotherapy. Current breakthroughs include perioperative immunotherapy, HER2-directed therapy sequencing and a decisive shift towards biomarker-driven treatment.
The gut virome is a complex ecosystem and has a critical role in human health. This Review outlines gut virome composition and functional relevance, and its role in human health and disease. Methodological challenges in advancing our knowledge of the gut virome are also discussed.
This Review explores the different types of sensory nerves involved in gut–brain communication, detailing the locations of these nerve endings in the gut and their mechanisms of activation. Insights and new information regarding spinal and vagal afferents alongside viscerofugal neurons are detailed.
The liver is a key metabolic organ that influences metabolic homeostasis by communicating with the central nervous system. This Review discusses the role of gut–liver–brain communication in chronic liver disease, highlighting underlying mechanisms and signalling pathways.
Despite the high incidence and mortality rates of hepatopancreatobiliary cancers in the African continent, epidemiological and clinical data are scarce. This Roadmap article describes the efforts of the Africa HepatoPancreatoBiliary Cancer Consortium to establish cancer registries in the region.
