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An application-specific integrated circuit that is fabricated in 130-nm foundry complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology, and uses stochastic bit sequences read from an adjacent voltage-controlled magnetic tunnel junction chip, can be used to solve integer factorization problems.

Genome-wide association meta-analyses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom measures and clinical diagnoses identify new risk loci, highlight putative effector genes and yield improved polygenic risk scores.

Human transplantation with allogeneic donor organs results in non-matching of MHC and differential presentation of T cell antigens. Here the authors show that in a lung transplanted SARS-CoV-2 infected patient T cell responses generated from the host may not be able to recognise infected cells within the graft and this may contribute to virus persistence.

On a 51-ion quantum simulator, we investigate locality of entanglement Hamiltonians for a Heisenberg chain, demonstrating Bisognano–Wichmann predictions of quantum field theory applied to lattice many-body systems, and observe the transition from area- to volume-law scaling of entanglement entropies.

In vivo chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell engineering uses targeted delivery systems to generate CAR-T cells directly in patients, bypassing ex vivo manufacturing. This Review examines emerging viral and lipid nanoparticle platforms, early clinical proof of concept and potential applications beyond cancer.

Ultra-low-power cryogenic complementary metal oxide semiconductor (cCMOS) technology is crucial for quantum computers. This Perspective highlights the challenges of the state-of-the-art technology and proposes solutions to mitigate band-tail effects, control the threshold voltage and achieve ultra-low-power cCMOS devices.

Entanglement is central to theories of quantum many-body systems but is very resource intensive to measure. A protocol based on a quasilocal parametrization of physical states allows entanglement structures to be studied using very few measurements.

Empirical data can contain information about causation rather than mere correlation. Here Chaves et al. present an algorithm for computing constraints on the correlations arising from a given quantum causal structure, and apply this framework to the information causality principle and networked architectures.

Recent studies have reported miniaturized spectrometers based on van der Waals heterostructures. Here, the authors demonstrate multifunctional SnS₂/ReSe₂ heterojunction spectrometers providing photodetection, spectrum reconstruction, spectral imaging, long-term image memory, and signal processing capabilities.

To realize electronic operations beyond the von Neumann bottleneck, a new type of switch that can mimic self-learning is needed. Here, the authors demonstrate all-in-one-place logic and memory operations based on dynamic molecular switch that can emulate brain-like synaptic and Pavlovian response, bringing the field a step closer to molecular-scale hardware.

The experimental investigation of relaxation times in graphene quantum dots has long been hindered by the limited tunability of these devices. Here Volk et. al.employ a device design to study this problem and report charge relaxation times of around 60–100 ns.

Neuromorphic software and hardware solutions vary widely, challenging interoperability and reproducibility. Here, authors establish a representation for neuromorphic computations in continuous time and demonstrate support across 11 platforms.

The authors demonstrated an unprecedented level of polarization squeezing of light generated by an atomic ensemble, and a new regime of continuous quantum measurements on a macroscopic material oscillator.

We show that the fraction of proliferating CD4⁺ lymphocytes is similar in HIV-infected subjects in the early stage of disease and in HIV-negative subjects, whereas the fraction of proliferating CD8+ lymphocytes is increased 6.8-fold in HIV-infected subjects. After initiation of antiviral therapy, there is a late increase in proliferating CD4⁺ T cells associated with the restoration of CD4⁺ T-cell counts. These results provide strong support for the idea of limited CD4⁺ T-cell renewal in the early stage of HIV infection and indicate that after effective suppression of virus replication, the mechanisms of CD4⁺ T-cell production are still functional in early HIV infection.

Medulloblastomas (MBs) are highly heterogeneous paediatric brain tumours that remain challenging to treat. Here, the authors integrate proteomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics and post-translational modification analyses to find molecular subgroups and potential therapeutic targets in MB tumours.

Where and how the brain learns from experience is not fully understood. Here the authors use a hierarchical approach from behavioural modelling to systems fMRI to cellular coding reveals brain mechanisms for history informed updating of future predictions.

There is increasing effort to improve the signal sensitivity and explore the hyperpolarization dynamics. Here the authors demonstrate the parahydrogen spin transfer dynamics in compounds containing ¹⁵N using SABRE hyperpolarization technique with different strengths of the magnetic field.

Measurements on a chiral magnet show that non-symmorphic symmetries enforce topological crossings exactly at the Fermi level in certain materials; these crossings can be controlled by an applied magnetic field.

Current methods for detecting proliferation in live cells cannot distinguish between dividing cells and cells that are progressing through the cell cycle. Here, a method is described that detects anillin in the contractile ring and in the midbody of cells during M-phase, providing a more accurate detection of dividing cells.

Light-field control of real and virtual charge carriers in a gold–graphene–gold heterostructure is demonstrated, and used to create a logic gate for application in lightwave electronics.

Approaches for the development of future at-scale neuromorphic systems based on principles of biointelligence are described, along with potential applications of scalable neuromorphic architectures and the challenges that need to be overcome.

Current physical neuromorphic computing faces critical challenges of how to reconfigure key physical dynamics of a system to adapt computational performance to match a diverse range of tasks. Here the authors present a task-adaptive approach to physical neuromorphic computing based on on-demand control of computing performance using various magnetic phases of chiral magnets.

Upstream land-use changes are transforming coastal environments around the globe. Mangrove removal aims at restoring estuarine ecosystems but counterintuitively enhances sediment trapping. More holistic management approaches are needed.

It was unknown how the most upstream Atg protein transits from the cytosol to autophagosome formation sites. Here, the authors show that ULK1 palmitoylation by ZDHHC13 recruits the complex to the formation site and enhances ATG14L phosphorylation.

Understanding the various and multiple trade-offs of land-use changes and cropland expansion can contribute to more sustainable policies. A study explores future scenarios of cropland expansion along with the trade-offs in agricultural production and markets, biodiversity and CO₂ emissions.

Classical light sources are characterized by their intensity and coherence, whereas quantum light sources are described by photon correlations. Here, the authors provide a connection between the two for the case of superradiant emission from quantum dots in a nanolaser.

The central amygdala relies on inhibitory circuitry to encode fear memories, but how this information is acquired and expressed in these connections is unknown. Two new papers use a combination of cutting-edge technologies to reveal two distinct microcircuits within the central amygdala, one required for fear acquisition and the other critical for conditioned fear responses. Understanding this architecture provides a strong link between activity in a specific circuit and particular behavioural consequences.

Benzodiazepines, such as valium, are used both in clinics and for recreational purposes, but lead to addiction in some individuals. Addictive drugs increase the levels of dopamine and trigger synaptic adaptations in the mesolimbic reward system, but the neural basis for the addictive nature of benzodiazepines remains elusive. Here, they are shown to increase firing of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area through GABA_A receptor activation in nearby interneurons.

Magnetic skyrmions are topological spin textures that hold potential for the development of post-von Neumann computing schemes. In coupled ferrimagnetic insulators, pinning effects and intentional distortions can lead to a ratchet-like current-driven motion of skyrmion bubbles.

Rigorously explaining thermalization in isolated quantum systems is a fundamental problem in statistical mechanics that is not yet fully resolved. The authors show that a random transformation of the Hamiltonian that does not affect the Gibbs state or, under some conditions, the short-time dynamics, leads to thermalization of states with low entanglement.

Quantum many-body systems may not thermalize due to the phenomenon of many-body localisation. Its theoretical underpinning is given by observables, the l-bits, which could not as of now be probed by experiments. The authors define experimentally relevant quantities to retrieve spatially resolved entanglement information, allowing to probe the l-bits.

Brain-inspired neuromorphic algorithms and systems have shown essential advance in efficiency and capabilities of AI applications. In this Perspective, the authors introduce NeuroBench, a benchmark framework for neuromorphic approaches, collaboratively designed by researchers across industry and academia.

AMPK integrates information about a cell’s energy status to inform decisions about cellular processes, including autophagy. Here the authors identify cyclin Y as an AMPK substrate, which phosphorylates cyclin Y and promotes its interaction with CDK16 to stimulate autophagy.

Calcium imaging has been used to visualize the activity of individual synapses, but cannot be scaled up to monitor thousands of synapses in tissue. Here, the authors present genetic tools that can be photoconverted from green to red to create a map of active synapses.

Ultrafast molecular relaxation can be probed with short laser pulses. Here the authors study collisional behavior of a N₂O and He mixture beyond secular approximation by aligning them using laser pulses and probing their rotational echoes.

Plasma extracellular vesicles contain quantifiable amounts of TDP-43 and full-length tau, allowing the accurate assessment of pathology in frontotemporal dementia, frontotemporal dementia spectrum disorders and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Coincidence detector neurons in the mammalian brainstem encode interaural time differences (ITDs) that are implicated in auditory processing. Myoga et al. study a previously developed neuronal model and find that inhibition is crucial for sound localization, but more dynamically than previously thought.

Here, Bachmann et al. provide data on long-term dynamics of the HIV-1 reservoir in 1,057 individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy and show that in 26.6% of individuals the reservoir increases. Viral blips and low-level viremia are significantly associated with a slower reservoir decay.

A deep residual learning framework identifies microsatellite instability in histology slides from patients with cancer and can be used to guide immunotherapy.