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A comprehensive benchmarking of 19 histopathology foundation models finds that a vision-language foundation model outperforms vision-only models.

This study assessed COVID-19 social science preprints’ replicability using structured groups. Both beginners and more-experienced participants used a elicitation protocol to make better-than-chance predictions about the reliability of research claims under high uncertainty.

Massively parallel reporter assay in primary human CD4⁺ T cells and bulk and single-cell CRISPR-interference screens identify candidate causal variants linked to autoimmune disease risk that modulate T cell gene expression and proliferation.

A randomized controlled trial involving people with psychosis who hear distressing voices reported that two different forms of AVATAR therapy, an intervention where voice-hearers engage with a digital avatar representing this distressing voice, reported further improvements in voice-related distress at 16 weeks but not at 28 weeks on top of standard of care.

Synaptic dysfunction is hypothesised to play a key role in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Here, using [¹¹C]UCB-J PET, the authors show for the first time in vivo that levels of the synaptic marker protein SV2A are reduced in schizophrenia and unaffected by antipsychotic treatment in a rat model.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

A large brain imaging study of over 2000 people worldwide shows that fear conditioning engages brain regions linked to emotion and attention, with differences in individuals with anxiety or depression and strong influences from task design.

The authors report a meta-analysis of methylome-wide association studies, identifying 15 significant CpG sites linked to major depression, revealing associations with inflammatory markers and suggesting potential causal relationships through Mendelian randomization analysis.

Does self-administered mindfulness effectively reduce stress? In a study across 37 sites involving 2,239 participants, four mindfulness exercises significantly reduced short-term, self-reported stress.

Results of an early-phase breast cancer prevention trial demonstrate the potential for breast cancer prevention in premenopausal women with anti-progestin therapy by inducing epithelial–stromal remodelling and suppression of luminal progenitors.

Animal models of drug use require specialized technical expertise and often differ from how humans consume drugs. Here, the authors establish a robust method which allows mice to self-administer intranasal cocaine, greatly improving face validity and ease of use.

Prevotella copri, together with other microbiota members, plays a key role in mediating the beneficial effects of a gut microbiota-directed complementary food for malnourished children on microbiota and host functions.

The authors develop multimodal machine learning models to infer metastatic recurrence risk for early-stage, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer from H&E images using >6000 cases across three centers, outperforming a nomogram and unimodal methods.

Combining functional genomic data from mouse and chicken with a synteny-based strategy identifies positionally conserved cis-regulatory elements in the absence of direct sequence conservation.

Kidney shortages limit treatment options for patients with end-stage kidney disease, prompting exploration of xenotransplantation. Here, the authors show that a genetically modified pig kidney sustained essential functions in a living human for 51 days, informing future clinical strategies.

In a large international survey, a minority subset of individuals with Long COVID experienced greater psychiatric symptom severity that was associated with greater reductions in overall health and other specific outcomes.

Knee osteoarthritis has a sex-specific phenotype with post-menopausal persons experiencing the highest incidence. Here the authors investigate the underlying mechanisms in a mouse model of menopause and find that the loss of 17β-estradiol and progesterone enhanced susceptibility to senescence, extracellular matrix disassembly and cartilage degradation.

Klebanoff and colleagues report that survival and persistence of CAR-T and CAR-NK cells are regulated by a FAS ligand–FAS autoregulatory circuit, showing that disabling FAS signaling enhances their antitumor efficacy in preclinical models.

In a prospective study involving 92 physicians from multiple institutions, access to large language model assistance on top of conventional resources increased a score expressing the quality of their reasoning in addressing patient care while assessing five clinical vignettes.

Sundowning in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients is characterized by agitation and aggression during their afternoon-to-evening transition and a phase delay in circadian rhythms. Here, the authors show that AD model mice develop a phase delay and increased aggression around their active-to-rest transition with Tau pathology in brainstem neurons that target the circadian system.

Adenosine-to-inosine editing is a form of RNA modification observed in the human brain transcriptome. Here the authors question the accuracy of utilizing postmortem samples to reflect the RNA biology of living brains. This is due to significant differences in adenosine-to-inosine editing between living and postmortem brain tissues, with most sites exhibiting higher editing levels postmortem.

Neural coding for motion direction has been studied intensively in the visual cortex of non-human primates. Here, the authors establish an origin for direction selectivity in the retina of the macaque monkey.

Sellers, van Beek and colleagues show that intermittent cold exposure for 10 days, which induced 1 h of shivering per day, improves glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and blood pressure in adults with overweight or obesity.

Schlichting et al. investigate how the developing brain forms memories that support later decisions. Using fMRI decoding, they show that children and teens do not anchor new memories into existing, related ones, but rather store them separately.

This Registered Report presents evidence from 87 countries and regions showing that brief emotion-regulation interventions consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Vascular pathology may play important early role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, the authors show that β-amyloid induces transcriptomic signatures associated with accelerated apoptosis, impaired function and AD risk in human brain microvasculature.

Don't stack shelves in the precious break between terms, stack up your lab experience. Hannah Hoag studies the world of the summer intern.

Water plays an essential role in enzyme catalysis, but direct observations linking enzyme catalysis and active-site water pose a significant challenge due to experimental difficulties. Here, the authors employ an ultraviolet photolysis technique with temperature-controlled X-ray crystallography to track the catalytic pathway of carbonic anhydrase II at 1.2 Å resolution.

The shift in fluorescence lifetime of tumour tissue with respect to normal tissue after systemic injection of the near-infrared dye indocyanine green can be used to distinguish tumour tissue from normal tissue with high accuracy.

Passive immunisation for respiratory syncytial virus for infants is recommended by the World Health Organization but products currently available have limited duration of protection. Here, the authors investigate the age distribution of infant hospitalisation for respiratory syncytial virus to inform optimal timing of immunisation.

Human motor adaptation reaches an upper limit. Albert et al. report that this limit is linked to implicit learning. When perturbations are variable, the adaptation limit decreases as subconscious learning systems become less sensitive to error.

Alfonsa et al. show that wakefulness causes shifts in cortical EGABA_A, weakening synaptic inhibition and resulting in markers of local sleep pressure, and identify Cl⁻ regulation as a link between sleep–wake history, cortical activity and behavior.

Gli and Hedgehog genes compound knockout fish exhibited a combination of actinopterygian fish and stem-tetrapod pectoral girdle characteristics, suggesting the evolutionary origin of terrestrial girdles as a tuning of a deeply conserved developmental program.

An investigation using various methods reports an association between adeno-associated virus 2 and paediatric hepatitis of unknown aetiology.

Urban water crises, due to droughts and unsustainable water consumption, are becoming increasingly recurrent in metropolitan cities. This study shows the role of social inequalities in such crises, revealing the implications of water overconsumption by privileged social groups and individuals.

South Africa experienced a resurgence in COVID-19 in 2022 driven by Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5. Here, the authors investigate the severity of infections caused by these subvariants, and find no difference in the risk of severe outcomes when compared to Omicron BA.1, whilst all Omicron subvariants were less severe than Delta.