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Here the authors reveal a study of 486,956 Han Chinese individuals showing that most people with genetic variants affecting drug response do not have the predicted adverse events, highlighting the challenges of implementing pharmacogenetics in clinical practice.

The role Tibetan Plateau uplift played in Asian inland aridification remains unclear due to a paucity of accurately dated records. Here, the authors present a continuous aeolian sequence for the period >51–39 Ma, analysis of which indicates that aridification was driven by global climatic forcing rather than uplift.

Hong-Xuan Lin, Ji-Ping Gao, Jun-Xiang Shan and colleagues show that natural variation in a proteasome α2 subunit gene contributes to thermotolerance in African rice. Their follow-up studies suggest that the variant allele protects cells from heat stress by enhancing the elimination of cytotoxic denatured proteins and maintaining heat-response processes.

The insertion of thin layers of cobalt can stabilize β-tungsten under back-end-of-line thermal constraints, allowing a 64-kb spin–orbit torque magnetic random-access memory to be fabricated that offers a spin–orbit torque switching of 1 ns, data retention of more than 10 years and a tunnelling magnetoresistance of 146%.

Trained and validated on multimodal data from 14.5 million images from multicountry datasets, a foundation model is shown to increase diagnostic and referral accuracy of clinicians when used as an assistant in a trial involving 16 ophthalmologists and 668 patients.

In a phase 1 trial, the co-infusion of CD19-targeting and BCMA-targeting CAR-T cells in adults with treatment-refractory lupus was safe and had promising efficacy, with most patients achieving remission after 3 months.

Potassium tert-butoxide is used in a precious-metal-free alkyl transfer strategy for synthesizing azaarenes and polyazaarenes from alkenes and nitriles via carbon–carbon bond cleavage. This method produces aryl methanes as the sole by-product and allows divergent synthesis of functionalized azaarenes, some of which exhibit visible-light photocatalytic reactivity.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

The stability of permafrost carbon is poorly understood. Here the authors use Plio-Pleistocene clumped isotope reconstructions from the Tibetan Plateau and climate simulation to determine that ~85 petagrams of alpine carbon is vulnerable to thawing.

Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of immune cells in the blood and liver of a human decedent receiving a pig liver xenograft reveals impaired adaptive immunity and monocyte features that may induce T cell exhaustion and contribute to platelet activation.

The study shows that lunar ilmenite preserves less solar wind-generated water than silicate minerals, likely due to faster water escape. This finding suggests that ilmenite may critically influence surface water variations within the lunar Procellarum KREEP Terrane.

Major strike-slip faults that develop between strong and weaker regions are thought to focus along narrow shear zones at the rheological boundary. Here the authors present the InSAR-derived velocity field spanning almost the entire length of one such fault, the 1600 km-long Altyn Tagh Fault, and analyse the strain distribution.

A transcontinental drainage system transported sediments from the North China Craton into the eastern Paleo-Tethys Ocean in the Middle Triassic, as shown by a multi-proxy provenance and paleogeographic study from MiddleTriassic sediments from the North China Craton, Qinling, and Songpan-Ganzi regions.

The Ga₂O₃:Sn/Al/HfO_x cascade heterojunctions-based optoelectronic synapses exhibit outstanding linearity in weight updating and thousands of conduction levels, holding promise for applications in logic operations, arithmetic computing, and fingerprint classification.

The evolutionary emergence of a nested fibrillar centre–dense fibrillar component may have optimized pre-rRNA processing.

Indian continental subduction can explain crustal deformation, magmatic activity and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau following collision, however, the nature of the Indian subducting slab beneath Myanmar and the related tectonic regime remain unclear. Here, the authors present direct structural evidence of present-day Indian continental subduction beneath Asia.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved our understanding of the genetic basis of lung adenocarcinoma but known susceptibility variants explain only a small fraction of the familial risk. Here, the authors perform a two-stage GWAS and report 12 novel genetic loci associated with lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians.

DeepRETStroke is a deep learning system using retinal photographs to detect silent brain infarction and predict future stroke events.

Fine turning the local configuration of single atoms into substrate is challenging. Here, the authors report that burying single atoms into subsurface lattice of substrate can stimulate more surficial active sites and thus promote the overall catalytic performance in methanol electrooxidation.

Complex environments with varying temperatures remain a major challenge for batteries. Here, authors develop a polymer composite binder with dynamic active sites and phase change properties, enabling lithium sulfur batteries to operate stably over a wide temperature range of −40 °C to 60 °C.

Nano-apertures cannot distinguish between distinct spin-states of photons because of information loss upon light-aperture interaction. Here, Du et al.report a subwavelength aperture integrated with metasurfaces which breaks spin degeneracy and produces opposite transmission spectra over a broad spectral range.

Snail is involved in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Here, the authors show that the metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate promotes pancreatic cancer metastasis through protecting Snail from degradation.

A gene-edited pig liver transplanted into a human recipient remains functional after 10 days and indicates that porcine organs could help meet the growing demand for liver transplants.

Tsai et al. here utilize a multi-stage genome-wide association study in Taiwanese population to show a copy number variation in the intron of potassium interacting channel 1 gene (KCNIP1) to be strongly associated with atrial fibrillation. The study also examines the functionality of KCNIP1 in heart electrophysiological function using cultured myocytes and zebrafish.

The H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) remain dominant in live poultry markets in China, and H9N2 AIVs with HA-Q226L, PB2-V/K627 and NP-N52 mutations can be transmitted between guinea pigs and between ferrets via direct contact and respiratory droplet.

Here, Zhang et al. succeed in creating a heavily distorted oxygen deficient film of lanthanum cobaltite. The new phase of LaCoO_2.5 has several unique properties, most notably, a Curie temperature of 284 K, significantly larger than the films from which it was derived.

Although most patients achieve complete response after standard-of-care treatment, residual disease in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Here the authors report the results of a phase 2 trial of toripalimab (anti-PD1) plus capecitabine for patients with residual nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors with anti-angiogenic targeted therapy has shown efficacy in some solid tumours. Here the authors report the results of a phase 2 trial of camrelizumab (anti-PD1) plus apatinib as a second-line or later-line treatment regimen in platinum-resistant (cohort 1) or PD-1 inhibitor-resistant (cohort 2) Recurrent/Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma patients.

This study shows how auditory cortex activation and cognitive function develop during a six-month follow-up after gene therapy in children with congenital deafness.

Pancreatic Spint1 disruption causes glucose intolerance, reduced islet size, and decreased insulin synthesis and secretion. SPINT1 regulates HEPSIN’s modification of GLP1R/MAFA activation, vital for glucose control by β cells, linking it to diabetes.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

In a prespecified interim analysis of the randomized, double-blind phase 3 COMPASSION-15 trial, patients with advanced HER2-negative gastric/GEJ cancer treated with the anti-PD-L1/CTLA-4 bispecific Ab cadonilimab plus chemotherapy showed significantly improved overall survival compared with patients treated with placebo plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment.