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In mice, expression of PGC1-α in muscles is shown to stimulate expression of FNDC5, which is cleaved and secreted in the circulation as the newly identified hormone irisin; on exercise, this hormone stimulates browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Here, the authors report that combining Army Liposome Formulation with QS21 saponin (ALFQ) and Alum to formulate the ΔV1gp120 boost decreases the risk of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) mac251 acquisition in female macaques.

High methionine and S-adenosylmethionine serum levels are related with obesity. Here the authors show that knockdown of methionine adenosyltransferase by using antisense oligonucleotides provides beneficial effects in obesity and comorbidities.

Meteorite impacts can create long-lived hydrothermal systems that may spark onset of microbial life. At Finland’s Lappajärvi crater, minerals in fractures contain biosignatures of microbial life related to the hydrothermal circulation, offering clues to deep microbial colonization of Earth and beyond.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis counteracts obesity and promotes metabolic health. The role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of this process is not well understood. Here the authors identify a maternally expressed lncRNA, H19, that increases BAT oxidative metabolism and energy expenditure.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.

A covalent organic framework-based type-II heterojunction (TpPa/TpDz) enables efficient photocatalytic H₂O₂ production in pure water. The highest and lowest occupied molecular orbitals are spatially separated, driving directional photogenerated carrier transport and minimizing recombination, therefore enhancing photocatalytic activity.

Human brown and white preadipocyte clones from neck fat depots have been isolated and used to identify genetic biomarkers that predict their thermogenic capacity.

Reduced nickel-rich metal and oxidized nickel carbonate inclusions within diamonds provide evidence of metasomatic redox reactions and support the role of carbonatitic melts in oxidizing small volumes of the deep upper mantle and transition zone.

When senescent cells accumulate during adulthood they negatively influence lifespan and promote age-dependent changes in several organs; clearance of these cells delayed tumorigenesis in mice and attenuated age-related deterioration of several organs without overt side effects, suggesting that the therapeutic removal of senescent cells may be able to extend healthy lifespan.

The authors combine tracking and body mass data from five migratory waterfowl species to understand their capacity to accelerate migration in response to earlier spring. They show considerable scope for faster migration by reducing the fuelling time before departure and subsequently on stopovers

Hominin fossils from the Ledi-Geraru Research Project area, Ethiopia, suggest that early Homo and Australopithecus species co-existed in the region more than 2.5 million years ago.

Many sub-stellar companions orbit solar-type stars. These stars can engulf their companions when they become red giants. This paper reports the discovery of a brown dwarf in a short-period orbit around a white dwarf, where the engulfment of the brown dwarf had little effect on it.

Bone marrow adipose tissue accounts for almost 10% of human fat mass, but its roles remain unclear. Here, Xu et al. identify more than 45 diseases linked to marrow adiposity in over 48,000 people, including causal roles in musculoskeletal disease.

Glutamatergic and GABAergic (γ-aminobutyric acid-producing) cortical neuronal activity drives proliferation of small lung cell cancer via paracrine interactions and through synapses formed with tumour cells.

Understanding collective behaviour is an important aspect of managing the pandemic response. Here the authors show in a large global study that participants that reported identifying more strongly with their nation reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies in the context of the pandemic.

Genome-wide association meta-analyses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom measures and clinical diagnoses identify new risk loci, highlight putative effector genes and yield improved polygenic risk scores.

Repetitive head impacts from contact sports are associated with brain inflammation, vascular damage and neuron loss that are independent of hyperphosphorylated tau pathology.

A nonlinear transmission line that supports travelling-wave parametric amplification of forward propagating signals and isolation via the frequency conversion of backward propagating signals could be integrated on chip with superconducting qubits and could reduce the hardware overhead in superconducting quantum computers.

In this Stage 2 Registered Report, Buchanan et al. show evidence confirming the phenomenon of semantic priming across speakers of 19 diverse languages.

Analysis of samples from the asteroid Ryugu provide evidence of late fluid flow in a carbonaceous asteroid, indicating that such bodies may have retained two to three times more water than previously thought.

Here, the authors describe a tubular module connecting oxidoreductases to the membrane. This system, found in many microorganisms, reveals a distinct mode of membrane anchoring and an electron transfer mechanism involved in energy conservation.

Augmin is essential for microtubule nucleation during cell division. This study reveals how the conserved calponin homology domain of the augmin subunit HAUS6 binds to microtubules to orient augmin for microtubule branching.

Gonzalez-Hurtado, Leveau and colleagues characterize adipose resident tissue macrophages across lifespan in mice, finding that nerve-associated macrophages, which mitigate inflammation and control lipolysis and catecholamine resistance, are lost during aging.

Olfactomedin-2 is a pleiotropic glycoprotein emerging as a regulator of energy homeostasis via the hypothalamus. The present findings functionally connect adipose-specific OLFM2 to obesity, and highlight its significance in maintaining adipocyte commitment to avoid metabolic disease.

Here, the authors show that MacroD1 is important for mitochondrial integrity and function. Lack of MacroD1 resulted in impaired cellular respiration which was particularly detrimental for cells and organs with high energetic requirements, such as skeletal muscle.

Integrated multi-omic analyses using samples from the TRACERx study highlight cross-talk between DNA hypermethylation and genomic lesions in non-small cell lung cancer.

A stream of bosons tends to bunch together, whereas fermions avoid each other. Although evidence for each type of behaviour has been observed in various settings, no single experiment has been able to directly compare the two types of quantum statistics until now, where this paper reveals the contrasting behaviour of ³He (a fermion) and ⁴He (a boson) in the same apparatus.

Metal–sulfur motifs are commonly found in enzymatic active sites and heterogeneous catalysis, but they remain underexplored in porous solids. Now, sulfur-based ligands have been incorporated into metal–organic frameworks through post-synthetic modifications. The resulting sulfide MOFs exhibit enhanced catalytic performance in the selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes compared with their parent MOFs containing terminal or bridging chloride and hydroxyl groups.

A mode of bidirectional microglia–neuron crosstalk through Hex–GM2–MGL2 and centred around GM2 ganglioside turnover is essential for homeostatic regulation of central nervous system membrane components.

This study conducted a 20-year analysis in Stockholm showing that RSV epidemic patterns shifted due to viral interference from influenza, particularly, pandemic H1N1, highlighting the complex interactions between co-circulating respiratory viruses.

The surface of Mars exhibits intriguing outcrops of layered Fe sulfate minerals that transformed through heating. This study combines lab analyses and remote sensing at Mars to advance the understanding of active chemistry and geothermal processes.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) burns, rather than stores, energy and has thus been explored as a way to combat obesity. Aaron Cypess and his colleagues isolate neck fat from adult humans and show that BAT exists in this region, define its anatomical localization in the neck relative to white adipose tissue and demonstrate that it is functional.