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Using data from the CoVPN 3008 study, the authors show that the neutralizing antibody correlate of risk holds in people living with HIV. However, the nAb correlate was weaker and shorter-lived in a vaccine-immunity versus hybrid-immunity population.

Thermal lepton pairs are ideal probes for the temperature of quark-gluon plasma. Here, the STAR Collaboration uses thermal electron-positron pair production to measure quark-gluon plasma average temperature at different stages of the evolution.

Literature mining, such as systematic review and meta-analysis, is crucial for discovering, integrating, and interpreting emerging research. This study presents a specialized large language model for literature that outperforms six general LLMs and helps clinicians in study selection and data extraction tasks.

Charge transport and extraction in polycrystalline perovskite films are often hindered by inefficient carrier transfer across grain domain boundaries (GDBs). Here, authors employ supramolecular assisted Rb+ delivery for in-situ GDB bridging, achieving efficiency of 26.02% for perovskite solar cells.

A proteotoxic stress response specific to exhausted T cells, governed by AKT signaling and accompanied by increased protein translation, represents a mechanistic vulnerability and a new therapeutic target to improve cancer immunotherapies.

Transcription–replication conflicts can threaten genome stability. Here, the authors show that RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a stronger roadblock to a DNA fork in the head-on orientation, and an RNA–DNA hybrid can form in front of Pol II, creating a topological lock trapping Pol II at the fork.

Cavity phonon-polaritons are a potential platform for controlling phonons. Here, the authors demonstrate multimode ultrastrong coupling between two optical phonon modes embedded in terahertz nanoslot cavities.

RNA base editing represents an exciting modality in precision genetic medicine. Here the authors develop short, metabolically stable RNA oligonucleotides (RESTORE 2.0) that enable precise and efficient RNA base editing, demonstrating successful in-vivo correction of a disease-causing human mutation.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

Cell state plasticity of neuroblastoma cells is linked to therapy resistance. Here, the authors develop a transcriptomic and epigenetic map of indisulam (RBM39 degrader) resistant neuroblastoma, demonstrating bidirectional cell state switching accompanied by increased NK cell activity, which they therapeutically enhance by the addition of an anti-GD2 antibody.

Using mouse pancreatic cancer models, Tsanov et al. show that reactivation of SMAD4 at metastatic sites promotes tumor growth in the lung through RUNX1 but restrains metastatic growth through KLF4 in the liver, influenced by organ-specific epigenetic states.

The outflow pathway of cerebrospinal fluid into lymph nodes in the neck and how non-invasive mechanical stimulation can enhance drainage and restore impaired outflow in aged mice are explored.

Here the authors show how the DNA-sensing cGAS–STING pathway activates NF-κB and inflammatory gene expression with delayed kinetics via post-Golgi endolysosomal signaling.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes targeting ancestral SARS-CoV-2 recognise variants of concern, but deep molecular understanding of why these responses are conserved is hampered by the populational variability due to HLA-restriction. Here authors identify an HLA-C-restricted conserved immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid epitope in COVID-19 convalescent donors from early waves of the pandemic and provide structural bases for its recognition by the T cell receptor.

This study uses chromatin tracing to identify alterations in single-cell 3D genome conformation during the progression of Kras-driven mouse lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and proposes Rnf2 as a regulator of the 3D genome.

The Einstein Probe has discovered a fast X-ray transient, EP240414a, associated with a broad-lined type Ic supernova. Its unusually soft spectrum and weak jet add to the diversity of stellar deaths and suggest a previously unknown Wolf–Rayet star explosion mechanism.

Feng, Luo and colleagues show that the combination of glucose and fructose, as found in sugar-sweetened beverages, promotes colorectal cancer metastasis through a mechanism involving sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD).

Atomic layer deposition is a surface-controlled chemical vapour deposition method that — depositing materials one atomic layer at the time — grants a high degree of control on the film thickness. This technique can be used to obtain high-quality films with remarkable conformity and uniformity.

The authors analyze rare coding variants in 1990 individuals with congenital kidney anomalies, finding diagnostic variants in 14.1% of cases. They identify two new causal genes, ARID3A and NR6A1, along with 38 candidate genes, providing evidence for shared genetics with other developmental disorders.

The mechanism by which sulfur is incorporated into the furanose ring in albomycins—a group of natural nucleoside antibiotics—remains unclear. Now, this work explains how twitch radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine enzyme AbmM catalyses sulfur-for-oxygen replacement in the biosynthesis of albomycin δ₂.

Here, the authors use multi-organism machine learning to identify conserved metabolites modulating aging and healthspan in flies and humans. Threonine showed protective effects across species, while orotate levels were detrimental to lifespan.

Joint analysis of multiple traits can increase power and provide insights into shared genetic architecture. Here, Nguyen et al. develop multi-trait TADA (mTADA), an extension of TADA (transmission and de novo association test) that jointly analyses de novo mutations of traits for improved risk-gene identification power.

OPTN dysfunction induces short-term astrogliosis and long-term microglial activation, driving IOP-independent RGC loss that contributes to normal tension and hypertensive glaucoma; OPTN overexpression alleviates neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.

The appropriate initiation and termination of behavioural action sequences is imperative, but the neural mechanisms underlying the learning and execution of fixed behavioural patterns are poorly understood. Here the authors reveal start/stop neuronal activity in basal ganglia circuits that emerge during task training in mice. Genetically altering these circuits disrupted the activity and impaired performance, providing evidence for a causal relationship between the specific neuronal activity and task learning.

Machine-learning-augmented single-nucleus transcriptomic analysis compared molecular landscapes of immature neurons in the mammalian hippocampus across species, highlighting human-specific gene expression but convergent biological processes.

Detailed mapping of the distribution of water and semiheavy water in the coma of Halley-type comet 12P implies a D/H ratio that is consistent with that of Earth’s water, indicating a common heritage.

Neutrophils actively induce tumour necrosis, driving vascular occlusion, pleomorphic necrosis and metastasis.

Measuring the bulk power laws of Luttinger liquids in semiconductors remains challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate the dominance of the end-tunneling effect in two fairly distinct Luttinger liquids coexisting in a single quantum wire.

Three-component, iron-based catalytic transformations offer a promising and sustainable approach to building complex molecules in a single step. This Review highlights advances and ongoing challenges in the development of iron-catalysed difunctionalization of alkenes. Mechanistic insights that enhance our understanding and guide the development of new transformations are discussed.

The discovery of 2023 KQ₁₄, a Sedna-like object with a perihelion of 66 au, fills a gap in the known population. Its orbit does not align with other Sedna-like objects, shedding light on the diversity and dynamical history of the outer Solar System.

Cytidine triphosphate synthase, a key enzyme in nucleotide synthesis, forms distinct filaments in Mycobacterium tuberculosis that resist cytidine triphosphate feedback inhibition, which are characterised through structural, biochemical, and cellular methods.

A preclinical covalent compound, CMX410, contains a aryl fluorosulfate warhead that targets the acyltransferase domain of Mtb Pks13, an essential enzyme in cell-wall biosynthesis, making it a promising candidate for tuberculosis treatment regimens.

Ultrafast electron diffraction can probe structural dynamics of photochemical reactions in real space and real time. Here the authors study the ring-opening of cyclohexadiene with sub-100 fs temporal resolution and sub-angstrom spatial resolution.

Drug resistance in bacteria often involves drug-tolerant persisters. Mycobacterium tuberculosis uses trehalose catalytic shift to promote persister formation, thereby developing multidrug resistant-TB (MDR-TB). Authors show that inhibiting this shift reduces MDR-TB, highlighting a potential therapeutic target for new treatments.

Whether multimorbidity accelerates brain Aβ deposition in humans remains largely unknown. Here, the authors demonstrate that higher self-reported multimorbidity burden predicts increased brain Aβ accumulation rates in the ADNI cohort.

LONP1, whose expression is downregulated in islets from donors with type 2 diabetes, is vital to mediate efficient mitochondrial protein folding, thus preventing proteotoxicity and promoting islet β cell survival and function.

Swanton and colleagues present a clonal expression signature, ORACLE, which, in combination with clinicopathological and molecular risk factors, can predict survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, and they prospectively validate its prognostic value.

Together with an accompanying paper presenting a transcriptomic atlas of the mouse lemur, interrogation of the atlas provides a rich body of data to support the use of the organism as a model for primate biology and health.