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Proximity-ligation-based sequencing from 111 samples and 5 environments reveals that a substantial proportion of phages infect multiple species.

Why are some species widespread while others are found only in small, isolated areas? This study shows that species with narrow ranges, and thus higher extinction risk, are often island-restricted, poor dispersers, and have evolved relatively recently.

Many recent proteomics studies use either Olink or SomaScan platforms to quantify proteins in high-throughput, but the consistency between the two is unclear. Here, the authors measure proteins in the same samples using both platforms, finding only modest correlation, and compare associations with genetic variants and disease.

By integrating single-cell transcriptomics and T cell receptor repertoire analyses of regulatory T (T_reg) cells in a cohort of patients with acute coronary syndrome from the LILACS trial, Case et al. show that low-dose interleukin-2 clonally expands T_reg cells and maintains their suppressive program by bypassing BACH2 downregulation.

Using human iPSC-derived and mouse neurons, this study demonstrates that mRNA transport on lysosome-related vesicles is critical for the maintenance of axonal homeostasis and that its failure causes axonal degeneration.

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias identifies new loci and enables generation of a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

Large genome-wide meta-analysis of clinically diagnosed late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) from 94,437 individuals identifies new LOAD risk loci and implicates Aβ formation, tau protein binding, immune response and lipid metabolism.

Heterostructured materials can exhibit superior performance compared with their homogeneous counterparts. This Perspective discusses the fundamental effects of heterostructural features, methods for evaluating these effects and practical considerations for guiding the design of heterostructured materials.

Understanding deregulation of biological pathways in cancer can provide insight into disease etiology and potential therapies. Here, as part of the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, the authors present pathway and network analysis of 2583 whole cancer genomes from 27 tumour types.

Liver macrophages are a major obstacle to extrahepatic drug delivery. This study identifies the receptor–ligand interactions that they use to capture circulating nanoparticles and leverages this understanding to engineer nanoparticles that escape macrophage uptake.

Direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes is an attractive strategy for heart regeneration, but it is hampered by the low efficiency of the process. Here the authors show that mouse fibroblasts can be reprogrammed with high efficiency into functional cardiomyocytes when pro-fibrotic signaling is inhibited.

Ahmed et al. show that lysine demethylase 8 (Kdm8) maintains the homeostatic cardiac metabolism by repressing Tbx15, thus preventing dilated cardiomyopathy in mice. In humans, KDM8 was downregulated in hearts affected by dilated cardiomyopathy, and higher TBX15 expression correlated with the strongest downregulation of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins.

Typical quantum error correcting codes assign fixed roles to the underlying physical qubits. Now the performance benefits of alternative, dynamic error correction schemes have been demonstrated on a superconducting quantum processor.

The role of the tumour microenvironment in the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic melanoma remains poorly understood. Here, single cell profiling of metastatic melanoma samples identifies associations of the mature dendritic enriched in immunoregulatory molecules subtype with immunotherapy response.

The high thermal conductivity of graphene is considerably reduced when the two-dimensional material is in contact with a substrate. Here, the authors show that thermal management of a micro heater is improved using graphene-based films covalently bonded by amino-silane molecules to graphene oxide.

Bulk RNA sequencing of organs and plasma proteomics at different ages across the mouse lifespan is integrated with data from the Tabula Muris Senis, a transcriptomic atlas of ageing mouse tissues, to describe organ-specific changes in gene expression during ageing.

Nanocarriers can be used for accurate tumor targeting, but their limited water solubility impedes the stable storage and poses biosafety risks in clinical translation. Here, the authors report water-soluble carbon quantum dots that show stability toward long-term storage and the addition of electrolytes, as well as negligible protein adsorption, immunogenicity, hemolytic activity and toxicity.

The rapid water transport through graphene oxide membranes can be switched off by introducing localized electric fields within the membranes that ionize surrounding water molecules and thus block transport.

A subset of pediatric gliomas harbour alterations in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-family proteins. Here, the authors characterise the genomic landscape of 11,635 gliomas across ages and use isogenic model systems to explore the underlying biology of FGFR1-altered gliomas and potential therapeutic vulnerabilities.

This study describes the second, shortened chloroplast variant of the ribosome-associated molecular chaperone termed trigger factor. While lacking chaperone activity, it rather contributes to maturation of the 50S ribosome subunit, particularly during plant cold acclimation.

Here, the authors created a virtual reality task for monkeys and mice to explore if internal states like attention are similar across species. Their facial expressions during the task were similar, suggesting facial expressions reflect shared internal states.

There is considerable interest in transitioning industrial thermocatalytic reactions to renewable-driven processes, but the electrification of such reactions has been challenging. Now, it has been shown that bridging non-aqueous chemistry with aqueous electrochemistry through aqueous–non-aqueous interfacial proton-coupled electron transfer can enable electricity-driven hydrogen peroxide production.

A photonic quantum memristor is experimentally demonstrated, paving the way to neuromorphic quantum computing.

CRISPR-based epigenetic editing is used in a cell-type-specific, locus-restricted and temporally controllable manner in the adult mouse brain to modulate memory expression.

Alzheimer’s disease is heterogeneous in its neuroimaging and clinical phenotypes. Here the authors present a semi-supervised deep learning method, Smile-GAN, to show four neurodegenerative patterns and two progression pathways providing prognostic and clinical information.

HippoMaps provides an open-source resource for studying the human hippocampus at different scales and with different modalities such as histology, fMRI, structural MRI and EEG.

Allelopathy—the chemical competition between neighbouring plants—has been observed for centuries. This study identifies a sensor of phenolic allelochemicals and reveals translational control as a key mechanism.

Large language models (LLMs) are emerging as powerful tools in healthcare, with a growing role in global health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This Perspective examines the current progress, challenges and prospects of LLMs in addressing health system disparities and supporting achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

The goals, resources and design of the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) programme are described, and analyses of rare variants detected in the first 53,831 samples provide insights into mutational processes and recent human evolutionary history.

Vein of Galen malformations (VOGMs) are severe congenital brain arteriovenous malformations. Here the authors work to elucidate the pathogenesis of VOGMs by performing an integrated analysis of 310 VOGM proband family exomes and 336,326 human cerebrovasculature single-cell transcriptomes to identify mutations of key signaling regulators.

Antiferromagnets have a variety of attractive features for spintronic devices; they are inherently robust against external magnetic fields, and have fast, terahertz, dynamics. However, terahertz magnons are usually strongly damped. Here, Choe, Lujan and coauthors find that the zone boundary magnons in the AFM insulator CoTiO3 exhibit long lifetimes.

When plants flower, the shoot apical meristem switches fate to produce floral organs instead of leaves. Here Youet al. perform tissue-specific epigenome profiling and show that during this transition changes in histone methylation are correlated with transcriptional responses in the meristem.

One of the problems of water-treatment membranes based on two-dimensional materials is that they tend to swell once in operation in water. A new strategy is presented for the preparation of non-swelling, covalently functionalized molybdenum disulfide membranes with tunable interlayer space and cohesion energy of the laminates.

Multi-ancestry genome-wide analyses identify new risk loci for age-related macular degeneration. Ancestry-specific analyses identify distinct effects at major risk loci, including smaller effect sizes for CFH risk alleles in haplotypes of African ancestry.

Lipidomics revealed that neurons of patients with ALS/FTD have reduced levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-containing phospholipids. Increasing neuronal PUFA levels increased survival of Drosophila models of ALS/FTD and patient neurons, suggesting that interventions that increase neuronal PUFA levels in patients with ALS/FTD may also be beneficial.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in ageing. Here the authors report that across tissues and species, somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in single cells (termed cryptic mutations) accumulate with age in post-mitotic cells, reaching high levels coinciding with both late life and ageing-linked gene-expression changes.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a prevalent primary immunodeficiency characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, poor antibody responses, and enhanced susceptibility to infection. Here the authors examine CVID patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 and describe broad immune dysregulation, sustained type I IFN responses, altered B/T cell signaling, impaired NK cell differentiation, and persistent inflammasome activation.

Simulations of Milky Way-like star clusters show that most (>57%) stars form in multiples. Approximately 75% of binaries are gravitationally bound from the birth of the secondary, and ~40% of (eventual) single stars originated in a multiple system.

Aging-related Meibomian gland shrinkage is associated with dry eye disease. Here, the authors identify Meibomian gland stem cell populations and identify regulatory pathways altered in aging, suggesting new therapeutic targets for Meibomian gland dysfunction.

Repeating fever is a hallmark of malaria. Here, a large-scale forward genetic screen in malaria-causing Plasmodium falciparum identifies genes associated with parasite tolerance to host fever, including apicoplast targeted isoprenoid biosynthesis—sharing features with artemisinin resistance.

Current theories predict that a plate-like particle rotates continuously in a shear flow. Kamal et al. instead show that even nanometric hydrodynamic slip may induce a thin plate-like particle to adopt a stable orientation, and discuss implications of this effect for flow processing of 2D nanomaterials.

MRI data from more than 100 studies have been aggregated to yield new insights about brain development and ageing, and create an interactive open resource for comparison of brain structures throughout the human lifespan, including those associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Three-dimensional optical metamaterials provide a range of exciting features, such as broadband circular dichroism, yet their fabrication is challenging. Here, a broadband optical circular polarizer is presented based on twisted stacks of metasurfaces, avoiding the issues of three-dimensional fabrication.

Studying carrier multiplication in materials is important to understand their transport properties and interaction with light. Hiroriet al. show that intense terahertz pulses can generate electron-hole pairs in GaAs quantum wells that then emit infrared light, contrary to the effect with a DC field.