Management of Cardiovascular Risks in Type 2 Diabetes
Summary
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a substantial increase in macrovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure. Effective management demands a multifaceted approach targeting glycaemic control, blood pressure regulation, lipid optimisation and lifestyle modification. Recent advances emphasise individualised therapy guided by cardiovascular risk stratification, with particular focus on agents that confer direct cardioprotective benefits beyond glucose lowering. Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists have emerged as cornerstones in reducing major adverse cardiovascular events, especially in patients with established cardiovascular or renal disease. Concurrent management of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity, together with smoking cessation and tailored exercise regimens, remains essential. Integrating modern pharmacotherapy with structured care pathways and early detection of subclinical vascular injury underpins current guidelines for secondary prevention in type 2 diabetes.
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Management of Cardiovascular Risks in Type 2 Diabetes publication trend
The graph below shows the total number of articles in management of cardiovascular risks in type 2 diabetes across all publications each year (not limited to Nature Index journals).
Technical terms
Hyperglycaemia: Elevated blood glucose levels often exacerbating vascular inflammation and thrombosis.
Ischaemic stroke: Brain infarction resulting from arterial occlusion and subsequent tissue hypoxia.
Haemorrhagic transformation: Secondary bleeding into infarcted brain tissue following reperfusion.
Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: Oral medications that lower plasma glucose by promoting urinary glucose excretion.
Glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists: Injectable agents that enhance insulin secretion, suppress glucagon and aid weight loss.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor-γ agonists: Drugs that improve insulin sensitivity by modulating gene expression in adipose and muscle tissue.
References
- Prevention and treatment of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in people with diabetes mellitus: a focus on glucose control and comorbidities. Diabetologia (2024).
- Effect of pioglitazone in acute ischemic stroke patients with diabetes mellitus: a nested case–control study. Cardiovascular Diabetology (2019).
- Pioglitazone and PPAR-γ modulating treatment in hypertensive and type 2 diabetic patients after ischemic stroke: a national cohort study. Cardiovascular Diabetology (2020).
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