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Here, Yang-Jensen et al. demonstrate that a scalable microbial protein lysate from Methylococcus capsulatus Bath reshapes gut microbiota and T cells and, via fermentation-driven GLP-2 receptor mimicry, protects against gastrointestinal inflammation while providing sustainable protein nutrition

Antibody drug conjugate (ADC) target expression beyond the traditional targets is poorly studied in metastatic cancer. Here, the authors analyse the expression of known and potential new ADC targets in normal and multi-organ metastatic samples of a post-mortem tissue donation program from patients with metastatic breast cancer.

Liquid biopsy methods have mainly been focused on the use of peripheral blood, and comparison between body fluids has been limited. Here, the authors utilize samples from a rapid tissue donation program to compare body fluid sites in their representativeness of the metastatic disease in patients with breast cancer.

The NeoRHEA trial showed that treatment with palbociclib and endocrine therapy decreases T cell proliferation and the presence of tissue-resident memory T cells. These results are important for the development of CDK4 selective inhibitors.

Experimental measurements of high-order out-of-time-order correlators on a superconducting quantum processor show that these correlators remain highly sensitive to the quantum many-body dynamics in quantum computers at long timescales.

Typical quantum error correcting codes assign fixed roles to the underlying physical qubits. Now the performance benefits of alternative, dynamic error correction schemes have been demonstrated on a superconducting quantum processor.

Superconducting circuits, coupled to form a ring in which a photonic excitation can circulate between sites, are established as a versatile platform for studying the interplay of strong particle interactions and external fields.

Correlated errors coming from leakage out of the computational subspace are an obstacle to fault-tolerant superconducting circuits. Here, the authors use a multi-level reset protocol to improve the performances of a bit-flip error correcting code by reducing the magnitude of correlations.

Cosmic rays flying through superconducting quantum devices create bursts of excitations that destroy qubit coherence. Rapid, spatially resolved measurements of qubit error rates make it possible to observe the evolution of the bursts across a chip.

Colour code on a superconducting qubit quantum processor is demonstrated, reporting above-breakeven performance and logical error scaling with increased code size by a factor of 1.56 moving from distance-3 to distance-5 code.

In a quantum simulation of a (2+1)D lattice gauge theory using a superconducting quantum processor, the dynamics of strings reveal the transition from deconfined to confined excitations as the effective electric field is increased.

Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle–Wells syndrome and chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous articular syndrome (also known as neonatal-onset multisystemic inflammatory disease) are rare autoinflammatory diseases classified as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes or cryopyrinopathies. Clinical characteristics, mechanisms of disease and new treatment options for these syndromes are outlined in this Review.

Aspartate in the tumour environment activates the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in cancer cells to induce cellular programmes that increase the aggressiveness of metastasis.

Patients with partial recombination-activating gene (RAG) deficiency (pRD) present variable late-onset autoimmune clinical phenotypes. Walter and colleagues identified a restricted primary B cell antigen receptor repertoire enriched for autoreactivity and clonal persistence in pRD. They described dysregulated B cell maturation with expansion of T-bet⁺ B cells revealing how RAG impacts stringency of tolerance and B cell fate in the periphery.

Inborn errors of the alternative NF-κB pathway in humans impair the development of AIRE-expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells, thereby underlying the production of autoantibodies against type I IFNs and predisposition to viral diseases

Fine-mapping of causal variants and integration of epigenetic and chromatin conformation data identify likely target genes for 150 breast cancer risk regions.

Sepsis induces a period of immunosuppression which can be problematic in the face of subsequent infectious challenge. Here the authors show the presence of PD-L1 expressing regulatory plasma cells that can inhibit T cells in a murine model and in patients with sepsis.

A hybrid analogue–digital quantum simulator is used to demonstrate beyond-classical performance in benchmarking experiments and to study thermalization phenomena in an XY quantum magnet, including the breakdown of Kibble–Zurek scaling predictions and signatures of the Kosterlitz–Thouless phase transition.

By implementing random circuit sampling, experimental and theoretical results establish the existence of transitions to a stable, computationally complex phase that is reachable with current quantum processors.

In a post-approval study including more than 17,000 patients on the safety of pulsed field ablation, a new method for treatment of atrial fibrillation, the procedure was found to have a low rate of adverse events but was associated with some unexpected rare complications that will need further study.

A transcriptome-wide association study identifies associations of genetically predicted gene expression with breast cancer risk. This analysis finds 48 candidate genes implicated in breast cancer susceptibility, including 14 at novel loci.

Two below-threshold surface code memories on superconducting processors markedly reduce logical error rates, achieving high efficiency and real-time decoding, indicating potential for practical large-scale fault-tolerant quantum algorithms.

Naturally occurring luffa sponge features a 3D fibrous network, making it deformable with a high energy absorption capacity. Here, luffa sponge is used as a reinforcement to improve impact resistance in cementitious composites, which maintain their performance across a wide temperature range.

John Perry and colleagues report the results of a large genome-wide association study meta-analysis to identify variants influencing age at natural menopause. They identify 54 independent signals and find enrichment near genes involved in delayed puberty and DNA damage response.

Tumor blood vessels contribute to cancer growth, invasion and metastasis. Here, by using single cell transcriptomics, the authors report an inventory of endothelial cell heterogeneity in patients with breast cancer, including a subtype that expresses genes involved in lipid processing and is regulated by PPAR-γ.

The association between obesity and breast cancer biology remains understudied in humans. Here, using a large retrospective data collection, the authors identify obesity associated changes in the genomic, transcriptomic profile, and the tumor microenvironment of primary untreated breast tumors.

It is hoped that simulations of molecules and materials will provide a near-term application of quantum computers. A study of the performance of error mitigation highlights the obstacles to scaling up these calculations to practically useful sizes.

Physical realizations of qubits are often vulnerable to leakage errors, where the system ends up outside the basis used to store quantum information. A leakage removal protocol can suppress the impact of leakage on quantum error-correcting codes.

A study demonstrating increasing error suppression with larger surface code logical qubits, implemented on a superconducting quantum processor.

Application of enzyme-based sensors is usually affected by costs, enzyme stability and immobilization and use of additional chemicals. Here, the authors show a cost-effective and robust photoelectrochemical detection system that can mimic enzymatic sensors using only air and light.

An experimental investigation of the dynamics of the spin ½ Floquet XXZ model finds bound states as predicted, and also robustness to noise and non-integrability when theoretical descriptions start to fail.

It is hoped that quantum computers may be faster than classical ones at solving optimization problems. Here the authors implement a quantum optimization algorithm over 23 qubits but find more limited performance when an optimization problem structure does not match the underlying hardware.

Previous studies identified an association between the 2q35 locus and breast cancer. Here, the authors show that a SNP at 2q35, rs4442975, is associated with oestrogen receptor positive disease and suggest that this effect is mediated through the downregulation of a known breast cancer gene, IGFBP5.

A digitized approach to adiabatic quantum computing, combining the generality of the adiabatic algorithm with the universality of the digital method, is implemented using a superconducting circuit to find the ground states of arbitrary Hamiltonians.

As a blueprint for high-precision quantum simulation, an 18-qubit algorithm that consists of more than 1,400 two-qubit gates is demonstrated, and reconstructs the energy eigenvalues of the simulated one-dimensional wire to a precision of 1 per cent.

It is often assumed that systems that can be analyzed accurately via mean-field theory would not be worth looking at using quantum algorithms, given entanglement plays no key role. Here, the authors show instead that a quantum advantage can be expected for simulating the exact time evolution of such electronic systems.

Every metal has an underlying Fermi surface that gives rise to quantum oscillations. So far, quantum oscillation measurements in the superconductor YBCO have been inconclusive owing to the structural complexities of the material. Quantum oscillations in a Hg-based cuprate—with a much simpler structure—help to establish the origin and universality of the oscillations.

A study establishes a scalable approach to engineer and characterize a many-body-localized discrete time crystal phase on a superconducting quantum processor.

The regulatory role of calcitonin in bone homeostasis is well studied, yet its molecular activity is poorly understood. The authors show that calcitonin regulates bone cells function by inhibiting the osteoclast secretion of sphingosine 1-phosphate, a lipid mediator of osteoclast–osteoblast crosstalk.

Nucleic acid sensing is important to ensure that an innate immune response is only mounted against microbial nucleic acid. Here, the authors identify loss-of-function mutations in the DNASE2 gene that cause type I interferon-mediated autoinflammation due to enhanced systemic interferon signaling.

Generation of intense attosecond waveforms with independently controllable amplitude and phase is performed by using a seeded free-electron laser.

Cardiovascular calcification is a serious pathology for which effective pharmacological treatments are lacking. Here the authors show that an optimized oligo(ethylene glycol) derivative of inositol phosphate interferes with calcium phosphate crystallization and inhibits soft tissue calcification in vivo following subcutaneous injection.