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Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Analysing 157 traits, this study finds widespread local genetic sex differences masked at the genome-wide level. Using LAVA, it tests for sex-specific heritability, genetic correlation, and effect size equality, revealing sex-dimorphic loci.

Here, the authors show that decreasing the strength of protein-protein interactions leads to improved agreement of Martini 3 generated molecular dynamics simulations with experimental data on a wide set of systems.

Realising a quantum-backaction-limited oscillator in the acoustic frequency range would have applications in sensing and metrology. Here, the authors reach this goal by demonstrating destructive interference between quantum back-action noise and shot noise down to sub-kHz range in a warm atomic vapor cell.

Systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study reported that, despite global improvements from 1990 to 2021, dietary iron deficiency-associated disease burden remains high in women, children and residents in low socio-demographic index countries.

Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen entanglement between a millimetre-size mechanical membrane oscillator and a collective atomic spin oscillator formed by an ensemble of caesium atoms is achieved, although the two systems are spatially separated by one metre.

DNA thermodynamics underlies many biological and biotechnological applications but is challenging to accurately predict. Here, the authors develop a high-throughput DNA melting method and improve computational models for predicting DNA folding energies from sequence data.

A long-period radio transient with coincident radio and X-ray emission and observational properties unlike any known Galactic object has been observed by the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Lower-dimensional superconductors are typically synthesized on insulating substrates. Here, the authors find that the hybrid electronic structure formed at the interface between a lead film and a semiconducting black phosphorus substrate significantly renormalizes the superconductivity in the lead film.

Zinc acts as a second messenger in root nodules and regulates nitrogen homeostasis by controlling the transition between the active state and the inactive filamentous state of the novel transcriptional regulator FIXATION UNDER NITRATE (FUN).

The authors demonstrated an unprecedented level of polarization squeezing of light generated by an atomic ensemble, and a new regime of continuous quantum measurements on a macroscopic material oscillator.

Parafermions hold promise as building blocks for topological quantum computers but have remained experimentally elusive. Here, the authors employ numerical calculations to demonstrate that parafermion excitations can emerge in partially filled moiré minibands of twisted multilayer graphene systems.

Quantifying communication capabilities produced by sharing an entangled qubit pair is still a subject of debate. Here the authors show that there are communication tasks for which sharing an entangled pair gives higher power than sharing two classical bits, even when there is no entanglement in the measurements.

Knowledge of genomic features specific to humans may be important for understanding disease. Here the authors demonstrate a potential role for these human-lineage-specific sequences in brain development and neurological disease.

Leveraging four large, longitudinal, prospectively-followed mother–child cohorts, this study shows that a western diet in early–mid-pregnancy is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring.

How the human plasma proteome is altered during hyperacute HIV-1 infection remains elusive. Here, the authors profile plasma proteins in participants from sub-Saharan African countries before, during and after hyperacute infection and report differentially expressed proteins that define early host response and might serve as biomarkers.

This work presents a sequencing strategy based on unique molecular identifiers that improves long-read consensus sequence accuracy of targeted amplicons as well as shotgun whole-genome fragments.

Whole-genome sequence analysis identifies five independent risk loci for Lewy body dementia and demonstrates overlapping genetic architecture with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.

Quantum simulation of lattice gauge theories faces challenges in maintaining dynamics within the physical Hilbert space, especially for non-Abelian groups like SU(3). The authors introduce symmetry protection protocols for simulating SU(3) gauge theory dynamics in 1+1 dimensions, offering a pathway to more accurate quantum chromodynamics simulations and potential extensions to higher dimensions.

Precision measurement of the dynamical magnetoelectric coupling in an exfoliated van der Waals multiferroic shows a giant natural optical activity at terahertz frequencies.

Components of the gut virome of 1-year-old children are associated with increased risk of development of asthma later in life, probably through direct interaction between phages and the host immune system.

Richter syndrome (RS) is the transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) into aggressive lymphoma, in most cases diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Here, the authors characterize the DNA methylation and transcriptomic profiles of RS samples, find a clonally-related CLL epigenetic imprint, and develop classifiers for “RS-type” de novo DLBCLs.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

A study uses single-molecule footprinting to measure protein occupancy at regulatory elements on individual molecules in human cells and describes how different properties of transcription factor binding contribute to gene expression.

Promoter capture Hi-C maps in human pancreatic islets identify more than 1,300 three-dimensional regulatory hubs, linking diabetes-associated enhancers to their target genes. Genetic variation in hubs impacts insulin secretion heritability.

Grintsevich et al. discover that the redox enzyme Mical oxidizes F-actin to promote binding of the F-actin-severing protein cofilin, and that the synergy of Mical and cofilin is necessary and sufficient for F-actin disassembly in Drosophila.

Managing forests for the supply of multiple ecosystem services (ES) is key given potential trade-offs among services. Here, the authors analyse how forest stand attributes generate trade-offs among ES and the relative contribution of forest attributes and environmental factors to predict services.

Inducing changes in the levels of the MYC oncoprotein is shown to activate and repress specific sets of target genes that are characteristic of tumour cells, providing an insight into the mechanism by which MYC can stimulate tumorigenesis in contrast to its physiological role.

The authors employ Quantum Monte Carlo simulations to study the scaling behavior of the magnetic structure factor and other observables in a 2D quantum critical magnet coupled to a single cavity mode. They find that while the quantum critical point remains unchanged, critical fluctuations are significantly enhanced and a fractional scaling exponent deviates from expectations based on perturbation theory.