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A high fat diet increases liver-derived miR-122-5p in circulating exosomes, which induces Leydig cell ferroptosis by downregulating Scd2, leading to decreased testosterone synthesis and abnormal spermatogenesis.

Chen et al. identify a brain-to-bone communication axis whereby extracellular vesicles from aged brain neurons transport WDFY1 protein to distal bone, driving bone-fat imbalance and promoting osteoporosis.

Quantum low-density parity-check error correction codes are anticipated to deliver high performance, but require long-range qubit–qubit interactions. Two of these error correction codes have now been successfully implemented on a superconducting device.

Decadal-scale observations reveal that plant diversity stabilizes ecosystem productivity over time. Phylogenetic diversity is the key driver of long-term stability, whereas plant height shapes short-term productivity dynamics.

Liu et al. report Chinese normative lifespan brain charts showing later neurodevelopmental milestones than those detected in Western cohorts. Individual deviations from these norms are valuable in assessing clinical risk and outcomes.

Lactate fuels cancer growth by activating ERK signaling through GCN5-mediated lactylation of ERK, which disrupts ERK–MEK interactions. Development of a cell-penetrating peptide blocking lactylation slows KRAS-mutant tumor development.

Multimodal immune profiling of ART pregnancies reveals systemic immune hyperactivation in gestational diabetes, characterized by activated CD8⁺ T cells, altered immune repertoires, and inflammatory signaling driven by FOS/JUN and KLF6.

A short peptide derived from a commensal-fungal-secreted protein promotes repair in models of colon epithelial damage when delivered directly or via probiotic microbes.

The mechanical reliability and scalability of flexible perovskite solar cells remain challenging. Mingzhu He et al. design β-cyclodextrin derivatives to reinforce grain boundaries, enhancing both the efficiency and stability of cells and modules.

A label-free imaging approach detects differences in NIR-II autofluorescence intensity between human liver malignancy and the adjacent tissue.

Structural, genetic, functional and biochemical analyses of the complex flagellar motor of Campylobacter jejuni reveal structural adaptations with an ancient origin also found more widely across bacterial species, including elements exapted from the type IV pilus machinery.

A non-invasive 40 Hz light flicker induces adenosine-mediated ischemic preconditioning, offering a potentially safe and translational approach to protect against nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and related ocular ischemic disorders.

He et al. report a lanthanide-doping strategy for dual-halogen-alloyed perovskite microplates, which promotes phase segregation and facilitates ion migration in the alloyed case, while suppressing it in the phase-segregated state, resulting in dual-wavelength lasing in visible spectral region.

Dendrobium is a genus of mostly epiphytic and lithophytic orchids. Here, the authors conduct comparative genome analysis for 24 chromosome-level genome assemblies and genome skimming sequencing data for 204 species in this genus, and reveal genomic variation, biosynthesis and evolutionary adaptation in Dendrobium orchids.

The current unbalance between the performance of n-type and p-type 2D transistors limits their applications for next-generation electronics. Here, the authors report the realization of high-performance 2D MoTe₂ p-type transistors by depositing metallic tellurium contacts via thermal evaporation.

Pla2g7 is a secreted enzyme mainly produced by myeloid cells and exerts a significant role in a spectrum of metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Here they show that Pla2g7 expression is enriched in osteoclasts and is associated with bone resorption, revealing an important role in bone homeostasis.

The authors develop textile electronic substrates with tailored stiffness and interfacial affinities by selective and controllable laser-matter interaction, addressing the mechanical mismatch between hybrid electronics and elastic textiles.

The authors demonstrate a magnetic compute-in-memory platform that performs convolution using domain wall motion, enabling highly energy- and area-efficient processing for future AI hardware.

The study shows that tuning organic–inorganic tin halides from 2D to 1D significantly enhances coupling between excitons and lattice vibrations, thereby switching emission from free excitons to self-trapped states. Ultrafast spectroscopy identifies the key electronic and vibrational dynamics.

Intermittent hypobaric pressure extends the lifespan and rescues the osteoporosis phenotype in aged mice by activating the ion channel transmembrane protein 59 (TMEM59) and eliminating senescent cells via lysosome-dependent cell death.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine tumor with limited risk stratification. Here, the authors perform multi-omic analysis of MTC samples from 452 patients across 10 Chinese clinical centers, identify molecular subtypes and develop a prediction model.

He et al. present a parameter-efficient fine-tuning method for single-cell language models that improves performance on unseen diseases, treatments and cell types.

China’s crowded coasts must balance seafood demand with conserving migratory shorebirds that rely on tidal flats along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway. This study suggests that well-managed mariculture feeds shorebirds and limits overharvest, benefiting seafood production and biodiversity.

PanoSpace enhances low-resolution spatial transcriptomics data to reconstruct continuous tissue maps at single-cell resolution. In cancer tissues and mouse brain, it refines cell localization, identity, gene expression and microenvironmental interactions.

This work proposed a fully heterogeneous quantum network that connects diverse user systems and enables multiple quantum tasks. A software-defined quantum network structure is also proposed for coordinating network nodes and optimizing network performance. It paves the way for an open and versatile quantum internet.

Synovitis is a key early driver of osteoarthritis (OA), and RANKL contributes to cartilage degradation in OA. Here the authors show that denosumab, an anti-RNKL antibody, reduces synovitis and delays OA progression in animal models and patients.

Silicate-dominated rivers exhibit lower denitrification but higher N₂O production than carbonate-dominated rivers due to coarser sediments, lower organic carbon, and reduced pH, according to global statistical analyses and field sampling in the Pearl River Basin.

The authors use Perturb-seq analysis in human pancreatic islet beta cells, as well as in vivo and in vitro analyses, to identify potential therapeutic targets for type 2 diabetes, including ZZEF1, which regulates insulin synthesis and cellular stress in islet β cells.

Xu et al. report that CDK10 drives immune evasion by reducing nucleic acid sensors-mediated innate immune response in tumor cells and that its inhibition improves response to immune-checkpoint blockade in preclinical cancer models.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

The authors find that O-GalNAc transferase 2 (GALNT2) restricts viral infection, probably through the regulation of the proteolytic processing of viral glycoproteins via its O-linked glycosylation activity, impairing virus–cell fusion.

Surface reconstruction during reactions often generates unique active sites that boost catalytic performance. Here, the authors show that supported Ni₃InC₀.₅ nanoparticles undergo CO₂-induced surface oxidation, forming defective In₂O₃₋ₓ layers and inverse In₂O₃₋ₓ/Ni interfaces during CO₂ hydrogenation.

AI models consume growing amounts of energy. Here, the authors introduce a brain-inspired way to prune connections in randomly weighted resistive-memory chips, boosting accuracy while avoiding costly analog tuning to improve general efficiency and reduce power use.

Archaeal membrane lipids have distinct structures but lack comprehensive databases for high-throughput identification. Here, authors present ArchLips, a database containing over 219,348 in silico structures and mass spectra, enabling automated, accurate annotation of archaeal lipids.