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This study shows that the formation of bottom water and the related sea ice processes in the Ross Sea are significantly affected by major climate patterns in the southern hemisphere’s extratropical regions.

When 100 social and behavioural science claims were examined, 34% of reanalyses closely matched the original results, with 74% reaching the same conclusion, revealing limited robustness of single-path analyses and the need to address analytical uncertainty.

Understanding collective behaviour is an important aspect of managing the pandemic response. Here the authors show in a large global study that participants that reported identifying more strongly with their nation reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies in the context of the pandemic.

Most advanced triple-negative breast cancers remain resistant to immunotherapy. Here, the authors discover that RIPK1-driven necroptosis in both tumor and stromal compartments is essential for effective immunogenic cell death-based therapy and immune checkpoint blockade.

Expansion of the Ross Gyre increases poleward transport of Circumpolar Deep Water toward the Amundsen Sea and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and has implications for oceanic heat supply to the continental shelf, according to numerical modelling.

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) sinks near Antarctica and fills the deep ocean. This Review discusses how AABW is formed, past changes to its properties and transport, and projects future changes in AABW and the deep overturning circulation.

A transformer-based vision system for cardiac MRI offers a generalizable and data-efficient system for diverse tasks in cardiology, offering clear advantages for contextualizing human cardiovascular disease and diagnosing disease.

The authors use a machine learning approach and in situ pigment samples to identify summer shifts (1997–2023) in the abundance and composition of Antarctic phytoplankton. While smaller phytoplankton groups generally increased, diatom chlorophyll a broadly decreased, with putative impacts on food webs and the carbon sink.

The authors demonstrate dual-probe multi-messenger imaging of high-energy-density plasmas based on laser-wakefield-accelerated electrons. This enables spatiotemporally resolved simultaneous probing of plasma hydrodynamics and electromagnetic field evolution with both x-ray and electron beams.

Antarctic bottom water (AABW), a key component of ocean circulation, provides oxygen to the deep ocean. This work shows that AABW transport reduced over the past decades in the Australian Antarctic Basin, weakening the abyssal overturning circulation and decreasing deep ocean oxygen.

Yue et al. use machine learning to identify brain connectivity patterns distinguishing individuals with and without obesity across metabolic states. Six key connectivity features classify obesity with 95% accuracy, revealing reduced communication in food-reward regions and a central role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.

An analysis of 24,202 critical cases of COVID-19 identifies potentially druggable targets in inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

A meta-analysis using the Burden of proof method reported consistent evidence supporting harmful associations between smoking and 28 different health outcomes.

Observations from a borehole in the Kamb Ice Stream suggest that discrete subglacial discharge events dominate channel melt and sediment transport.

A meta-analysis using the Burden of Proof method reported consistent evidence supporting harmful associations between exposures to secondhand smoke and nine health outcomes.

Meltwater entering the Southern Ocean from Antarctic ice shelves varies substantially from year to year, with consequences for Southern Ocean circulation and climate, according to remote sensing estimates of ice-shelf basal melting rates.

Whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in over 7,000 individuals with critical COVID-19 are used to identify 16 independent variants that are associated with severe illness in COVID-19.

The lowest-frequency gravitational wave background may be shaped by supermassive black hole binaries that scatter nearby stars or dark matter. In this case, the NANOGrav 15-year dataset favours dense galactic centres with 10⁶ solar masses per cubic parsec.

Typical quantum error correcting codes assign fixed roles to the underlying physical qubits. Now the performance benefits of alternative, dynamic error correction schemes have been demonstrated on a superconducting quantum processor.

Rare cells are often biologically and clinically important, but their low abundance makes them challenging to study using single-cell transcriptomics. Here, the authors develop PURE-seq which integrates FACS and PIP-seq to directly sequence ultra-rare cells. It captures cells at 1 in 1,000,000 rarity, which the authors demonstrate by profiling circulating tumor cells and identifying Egr1 as a regulator of mouse hematopoietic stem cell aging.

H5N1 avian influenza viruses caused an outbreak in dairy cattle. We show that the potential for avian viruses to replicate in cow cells varies across H5N1 evolution, suggesting that the risk of spillover into mammals differs between variants.

Mechanisms responsible for the recent increase in Antarctic sea ice cover remain elusive. Here, the authors show that model underestimates of changes in wind-induced ocean circulation may contribute, in part, to the failure of CMIP5 models to accurately capture modern Antarctic sea ice trends.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

A new, nearly complete fossil skull of Vegavis from the James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula, provides insight into its feeding ecology and exhibits morphologies that support placement among waterfowl within crown-group birds.

The existing ENCODE registry of candidate human and mouse cis-regulatory elements is expanded with the addition of new ENCODE data, integrating new functional data as well as new cell and tissue types.

Whole-genome sequencing analysis of individuals with primary immunodeficiency identifies new candidate disease-associated genes and shows how the interplay between genetic variants can explain the variable penetrance and complexity of the disease.

CD44 expressed by fibroblastic reticular cells in secondary lymphoid organs regulates trafficking of dendritic cells, and thus has an essential role in the priming of T cells and the adaptive immune response.

The growth of ice on Antarctica about 34 million years ago affected sea level. A combination of modelling and marine sediment analyses shows that sea level near the developing ice sheet first fell and then rose as a result of crustal deformation imposed by the ice growth.

Observation-based modelling suggests that recent acceleration of Earth’s north magnetic pole towards Siberia can be linked to elongation of a lobe of negative magnetic flux at the core–mantle boundary beneath Canada.

Four seasonal deep water intrusion regimes, two wind-driven and two buoyancy-driven, exist on the Antarctic continental shelf, according to an eddy-resolving model of the Southern Ocean.

A study of several longitudinal birth cohorts and cross-sectional cohorts finds only moderate overlap in genetic variants between autism that is diagnosed earlier and that diagnosed later, so they may represent aetiologically different conditions.

Excessive complement C3 causes synaptic stripping and neurodegeneration. Here, the authors used the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis and single-cell RNA sequencing to show that C3 expression defines disease-associated reactive glia. C3 deletion abrogated these pro-inflammatory glia and protected neurons.

Here, the authors present a deep learning framework trained on nearly one million direct current fast charging sessions that accurately predicts electric vehicle charging profiles and the remaining driving time. The model provides the predictions in real time from minimal input, improving user experience, energy planning, and infrastructure reliability.

Simulations show that projected increases in Antarctic meltwater will slow down the abyssal ocean overturning circulation over the coming decades and lead to warming and ageing of the ocean abyss.

Here, the authors perform large trans-ancestry fine-mapping analyses identifying large numbers of association signals and putative target genes for colorectal cancer risk, advancing our understanding of the genetic and biological basis of this cancer.

Heat transport across interfaces can be restricted due to interfacial thermal resistance between different materials. Here, authors find experimental evidence of a significant and enduring heat barrier between two high-energy-density materials that is consistent with interfacial thermal resistance.

Progressive apraxia of speech (PAOS) is a neurodegenerative syndrome of multiple etiologies which affects spoken communication. Here, the authors characterized the molecular pathology, biochemistry, genetics and longitudinal neuroimaging of 32 autopsy-confirmed patients with PAOS who were followed over 10 years.

Climate variability in the Southern Hemisphere is dominanted by the Southern Annular Mode, which influences temperatures and latitudinal rainfall distribution. This work reconstructs its annual variability since the year 1000. The authors find that a positive trend since the 1940s is reproduced by climate model simulations with representative greenhouse gas forcings and ozone depletion. Early trends indicate a teleconnection to tropical Pacific climate, which may need to be considered in projections under climate change.

The authors summarize the data produced by phase III of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project, a resource for better understanding of the human and mouse genomes.

The SPECULOOS project detected an Earth-sized planet in a short orbit around a nearby Jupiter-sized star. This planet, SPECULOOS-3 b, is one of the most promising rocky exoplanets for detailed emission spectroscopy characterization with JWST.

The standard band structure picture cannot be applied to amorphous materials as they lack crystal symmetry. Now a first-principles approach that captures the possibility of band-like electron transport in amorphous solids is presented, with In₂O₃ as an example.