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Understanding collective behaviour is an important aspect of managing the pandemic response. Here the authors show in a large global study that participants that reported identifying more strongly with their nation reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies in the context of the pandemic.

Here authors show cortico-brainstem neurons are molecularly specified in early development to restrict axon growth to the brainstem without extending to spinal cord. This developmentally defined circuit persists into adulthood and supports skilled forelimb movement.

Mitochondria function depends on protein complexes, but their organization is unclear. Here, the authors map 556 yeast mitochondrial protein assemblies under respiratory conditions, revealing conserved networks and links to molecular functions and human disease genes.

Inhumans, acute stress may alter food-related signalling of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Here, authors show that 7-Tesla fMRI reveals stress-related changes in BNST connectivity during food cue presentation and taste delivery.

Here, in a large-scale study of over 900 companion dogs, the authors examine how the gut microbiome varies as dogs age, identifying consistent microbial shifts associated with age, as well as associations with diet, behavior, and health.

Natural rubber is a widely used biopolymer and further improving its resistance to crack growth will extend its service life. Here the authors show a strategy to amplify the resistance to crack growth in natural rubber by forming a tanglemer.

The relationship between maternal age and pregnancy-related cardiovascular complications remains unclear. Here, the authors suggest that aging does not drive pregnancy-specific mechanisms of cardiovascular events; rather, pregnancy uniformly amplifies patients’ baseline cardiovascular risk.

MOSAIC is a versatile multimodal microscope that allows seamless transition between various light-sheet, two-photon, label-free and super-resolution modalities. It is demonstrated in various systems ranging from cell culture to mice.

Exercise-mediated neuroprotection in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis is reduced in mice lacking the irisin-encoding gene, Fndc5, and can be recapitulated by peripheral administration of irisin.

Electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction is often hindered by the competing hydrogen evolution reaction, reducing selectivity for the desired products. Here the authors demonstrate that helical chiral copper electrodes can suppress hydrogen evolution by generating spin-polarized carriers through the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect.

CD4⁺ T cells play critical roles in the immune response to intracellular bacterial infection. Here the authors suggest that CD4⁺ T cells can protect in a murine model of Salmonella infection but that the protection occurs in females and is oestrogen dependent.

A confined culture system streamlines and accelerates the engineering of large-scale human gastrointestinal tissues that spontaneously develop a functional enteric nervous system, simplifying the production of complex, clinically relevant organs for transplantation.

Miyamoto et al. show that human metacognition depends on multiple signals in the anterior lateral prefrontal cortex, whereas in macaques it relies on distributed processing in multiple prefrontal areas.

Jena, Qu et al. show that mannadjuvant, a formulation of fungal mannan and aluminum hydroxide, increases the magnitude, durability and breadth of the response elicited by mRNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants in mice and non-human primates.

Native state proteomics of PV interneurons revealed unique molecular features of high translational and metabolic activity, and enrichment of Alzheimer’s risk genes. Early amyloid pathology exerted unique effects on mitochondria, mTOR signaling and neurotransmission in PV neurons.

Here, the authors show that endothelial cells lining the blood vessels and red blood cells continually exchange glycocalyx sugars on their surface in health and disease. These exchanges enable the prediction of blood vessel damage by studying simultaneous red blood cell damage.

In the hippocampus, complex processing of sensory stimuli occurs even in the unconscious state.

HIV-1 capsid nuclear import at the nuclear pore complex is a bottleneck to resting T cell infection, but HIV-1 overcomes this by triggering receptor-mediated signalling during cell–cell spread to drive nuclear import and licence infection.

A Hemostatic Tough Adhesive (HTA) is developed and evaluated, achieving hemostasis in both liver and spleen injuries within an in vivo preclinical porcine model.

When 100 social and behavioural science claims were examined, 34% of reanalyses closely matched the original results, with 74% reaching the same conclusion, revealing limited robustness of single-path analyses and the need to address analytical uncertainty.

Ahmed and colleagues show that, by promoting ‘dressing’ of intact tumor target antigens onto dendritic cells, tumor irradiation enhances chimeric antigen receptor T cell persistence and efficacy in lung metastasis models.

Pseudouridine is a widespread RNA modification implicated in the regulation of gene expression. Here, authors show that PUS7 relocalization changes mRNA pseudouridylation, reshapes the proteome, and enhances cell fitness.

Reticulate venation patterns on leaves are ubiquitous in nature yet have eluded characterization. Here the authors report a naturally occurring Voronoi diagram in the plant Pilea peperomioides, and propose a generative algorithm to form this pattern.

A large-scale study on the replicability of claims from social and behavioural science journals reports that about half of the results replicate in the same patterns as the original study.

Here, the authors elucidate TMPRSS2 protease recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 spike S₂′ cleavage site, revealing the molecular basis of activation of membrane fusion, and show that antibodies recognizing the S₂′ site or TMPRSS2 block viral entry by interfering with TMPRSS2 access.

Earnings growth in the financial sector concentrates top incomes in specific cities, not only in major global hubs. Using administrative data from ten countries, the authors show that finance accounts for 26–50% of top earnings concentration, driven by rent-sharing in financial markets.

How insects maintain precise vision during rapid motion remains unclear. Here, the authors show that motion-driven photoreceptor dynamics and synaptic high-frequency jumping enable hyperacute, minimal-delay visual encoding.

Atmospheric river (AR) characteristics, particularly AR shape associated with large-scale circulation, as well as interactions with other weather systems, significantly influence surface warming over Antarctic ice shelves and their future stability.

Engineered molecular circuits encoded in RNA can act as programmable therapeutics that sense cellular states and elicit precise responses within diseased cells. Here, the authors introduce a model delivery system with layered control of targeted infection, conditional replication, drug-inducible viral clearance, and molecular circuit-based cargo regulation, demonstrating a versatile platform for precise RNA viral vector delivery.

An absolute photon upconversion efficiency of 8.2% is demonstrated using a liquid triplet fusion medium that behaves as solid on excitonic timescales. The findings may drive higher efficiencies in nanoscale solid-state photochemical upconversion devices.

In this individual participant data meta-analysis, and across 321,345 smartphone-ratings of affective well-being and nearly 1 million hours of physical activity measurement, Rehder et al. clarify the nature and extent of activity–well-being relations and document their relevance in humans’ everyday life.

Phosphorus locked in carbonate rocks from seven global sites shows simultaneous marine phosphorus spikes during major mass extinctions. Modelling ties high marine phosphorus to eutrophication, CO2 drawdown, and global cooling.

High-density single-neuron recordings in patients with epilepsy revealed interictal discharges are generated by structured laminar circuits. These circuits overlapped with cognitive circuits and could predict discharges up to 1 s in advance.

Understanding the charge transfer at microbe–semiconductor interfaces in biohybrids is valuable for advancing solar-to-chemical conversion. Now, the reverse electron transfer in Shewanella–haematite hybrids is quantified using multimodal single-particle imaging, revealing facet-dependent efficiency.

Satellite data shows that the Tonga volcanic eruption partly cleaned up its own methane pollution. Volcanic particles created chlorine atoms that broke down methane. Similar chemistry may one day help reduce anthropogenic methane emissions.

In vitro propagation of the pathogenic bacterium Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, leads to attenuated virulence and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) truncation. Here, Long et al. show that a strain considered to be avirulent (NMII) can be recovered from infected animals, and these isolates display increased virulence and an elongated LPS due to reversion of a 3-bp mutation in a gene.

This study challenges the paradigm that resistance mutations precede fitness compensatory adaptations, showing that pre-existing alterations in mycobacterial oxidative stress responses can prime rapid evolution of resistance without fitness costs.

How early-life intestinal microenvironment shape colonic iNKT cell development to be further explored. The authors here identify an early-life enriched Wnt4⁺ stromal cells form a microbiota-regulated neonatal niche that drives iNKT expansion via BMP2-MAPK signaling and programs long term mucosal immune homeostasis.

A large-scale proteomics analysis of the dark proteome by the TransCODE Consortium reveals many translated non-canonical open reading frames to encode microproteins and peptideins.

Transmission of Plasmodium falciparum relies on the development of gametocytes, which undergo extensive cellular remodelling. Here, the authors demonstrate that the PfGID E3 ubiquitin ligase complex affects gametocyte development by regulating key proteins, producing defective cells that cannot infect mosquitoes.

Tree cover gains in the moist tropics (1982–2015) were 56% naturally regenerated forests and 27% managed tree systems, with forest type influencing carbon recovery. Effective forest restoration requires robust tracking of forest types established by restoration efforts.

The authors have applied an eight-tissue rat multi-omic dataset to analyze the gene regulatory landscape of endurance exercise training, identifying tissue-specific regulatory patterns involved in muscle function, metabolism and immune response.

Polymer thin films that emit and absorb circularly polarised light are promising in achieving important technological advances, but the origin of the large chiroptical effects in such films has remained elusive. Here the authors demonstrate that in non-aligned polymer thin films, large chiroptical effects are caused by magneto-electric coupling, not structural chirality as previously assumed.

DNA-sequencing data from primary tumours and paired metastases from participants in the TRACERx lung study and PEACE autopsy programme are used to analyse the metastatic diversity of advanced non-small cell lung cancer and the seeding patterns that underpin it.

Part of the Hong Kong Genome Project, genomic analyses of more than 20,000 participants provide information on clinically relevant variants for the Chinese population and offer insights on the implementation of genomic medicine initiatives.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

The genetically encoded voltage indicators JEDI3sub and JEDI3hyp enhance monitoring of subthreshold neuronal activity in the awake mouse brain using a variety of two-photon microscopy techniques.

Recombination can speed up adaptation by bringing beneficial alleles together. However, this study shows rapid adaptation in Threespine Stickleback fish depends more on the initial frequency of alleles and mating of key individuals than recombination.

Beta-adrenergic signalling modulates histone variant H2A.Z deposition, chromatin accessibility and chromatin loop reorganization to regulate thermogenesis in mouse and human adipocytes.