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Integration of data representing 35,120 brain scans from diverse global studies enables construction of reference charts that define normative microstructural and macrostructural properties across the human lifespan for research and clinical diagnosis.

Using a chip-based dual microresonator-soliton source with a high-speed photodetector, the authors demonstrate a CMOS-compatible generator of tunable millimetre-wave signals with low phase noise.

Atmospheric oxygen sampling provides improved estimates of Southern Ocean net primary productivity, revealing that many Earth system models underestimate productivity in ways that bias both present-day and future projections of air–sea CO₂ exchange.

Whole-genome data from 249 yellow-eyed penguins (hoiho) identify three lineages with high geographical and genomic divergence, and candidate gene variants associated with differential susceptibility to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

Coastal nitrogen pollution is a critical sustainability challenge with environmental, social and economic consequences. Upstream ‘sweet spots’ where interventions will have maximum mitigation effectiveness and social buy-in are attractive but may prove difficult to implement in urban stream networks.

MitoCatch is a cell-type-specific mitochondrion-targeting system that links mitochondria and the cell surface by protein binders and delivers mitochondria into the target cell.

The study shows that life began using molybdenum and tungsten enzymes as early as 3.7–3.1 billion years ago. Study reveals that key metabolic processes arose despite scarce metals and highlighting the early adaptability of microbial life.

Intracranial recordings in children revealed neural signals predicting attentional lapses. Closed-loop stimulation rescued performance and scalp EEG enabled noninvasive modulation, identifying a reproducible marker of attentional control.

SWI/SNF complexes are mutated in 20% of cancers, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, the authors identify a compensatory mechanism of chromatin regulation that becomes essential in cancers carrying mutations that broadly inactivate SWI/SNF.

In this Viewpoint, members of the Association of Black Gastroenterologists and Hepatologists discuss inclusivity and equity in academic medicine and give advice to Black students interested in a career in science or medicine.

Peroxiredoxins from diverse organisms were found to assemble into hybrid complexes, not just identical ones. These mixed assemblies reshape structure and stability, challenging a long-held view of peroxiredoxin assembly in cells.

Blue ice records from Antarctica are used to determine methane and carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 3 million years.

The cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome paradigm is aimed at reflecting the complex interactions between chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and metabolic dysfunction. Here, the authors discuss current CKM syndrome epidemiological data, examine key determinants of CKM health and consider the potential clinical implications and limitations of the CKM syndrome framework.

Mixing with non-black carbon can enhance the radiative effect of black-carbon aerosols. Lab and field measurements of aerosol properties reveal that the mass ratio of black to non-black carbon determines the amount of enhancement.

Studying socioeconomic backgrounds and intergenerational transmission in the US academia, Morgan et al. find that faculty have a parent with a Ph.D. degree a striking 25 times more often than the general population.

The ZFTA–RELA fusion, an oncogene for ependymomas, promotes the production of itaconate, and its dependence on this metabolite represents a new therapeutic target for this cancer.

From 2014–2017, marine heatwaves caused global mass coral bleaching, where the corals lose their symbiotic algae. The authors find, this event exceeded the severity of all prior global bleaching events in recorded history, with approximately half the world’s reefs bleaching and 15% experiencing substantial mortality.

Using seven generations of selected zebrafish (Danio rerio), the authors consider the trade-offs and mechanisms behind evolution of warming tolerance. They show unexpected improvements in cooling tolerance in warming-adapted fish, and highlight mechanistic insights behind warming tolerance.

Vassy, Dornisch and colleagues developed a genomics-based prostate cancer risk model to support a randomized clinical trial of precision screening in a national healthcare system.

For individuals with APOL1 high-risk genotypes, which are enriched in individuals of African ancestry, a nine-protein proteomic risk score enables early prediction of kidney disease progression and may, thereby, enable early intervention.

Natural hair colour in Europeans is a complex genetic trait. Here, the authors carry out a genome-wide association study using UK BioBank data, suggesting that in combination with pigmentation genes, variants with roles in hair texture and growth can affect hair colouration or our perception of it.

Marburgvirus glycoprotein binds to the endosomal receptor NPC1 in a distinct orientation with higher affinity compared with Ebola virus glycoprotein, accompanied by fusion-relevant rearrangements, enabling more efficient viral entry.

Using 63 globally distributed grassland and shrubland sites from the International Drought Experiment, this study identified plant traits linked to drought resistance after 1 year of extreme drought across growth forms, lifespans and climate.

Different types of SETBP1 variants cause variable developmental syndromes with only partial clinical and functional overlaps. Here, the authors report that SETBP1 variants outside the degron region impair DNA-binding, transcription, and neuronal differentiation capacity and morphologies.

Estimates of mean ocean temperature based on noble gas (Xe/Kr) measurements in shallow ice cores from the Allan Hills blue ice area, Antarctica, indicate enhanced cooling around the Plio-Pleistocene Transition and enhanced ice sheet growth around the time of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition.

Here the authors applied cryogenic time-resolved electron microscopy with rapid UV photolysis of a caged substrate to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of lipid-sugar transfer within the bacterial membrane by the glycosyltransferase GtrB.

How embryonic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells proliferate while maintaining multipotency remains unclear. Here they show that Bnip3lb-regulated mitophagy reduces ROS levels, enabling sustained HSPC proliferation.

CNS toxicity was unexpectedly observed for anti-miR-17 RGLS4326 in nonclinical studies. Here, authors identify AMPA receptor inhibition as the likely culprit. Replacement of 3’-terminus guanine to adenine leads to discovery of farabursen (RGLS8429) that is devoid of CNS toxicity.

Here, the authors examine the mechanisms behind cheatgrass’s successful invasion of North American ecosystems. Their genetic analyses and common garden experiments demonstrate that multiple introductions and migrations facilitated cheatgrass local adaptation.

Here authors show loss of AKAP11, a strong genetic risk factor for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, disrupts PKA proteostasis and signaling, leading to widespread transcriptomic alterations across the brain, particularly in striatal neurons, as well as altered behavior.

Human metapneumovirus can cause severe lung disease in vulnerable people, yet no vaccines or treatments are available. Harris et al. identify 4F11, a potent monoclonal antibody with unique binding properties, and demonstrate its efficacy in reducing viral loads in vitro and in vivo.

Stowell et al. show that the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of Puf3 binds the Ccr4–Not deadenylase complex using an extended interface. Phosphorylation of the IDR regulates the interaction to tune exonucleolytic activity in a graded manner.

Neonatal brain injury from intermittent hypoxemia increases fatty acid oxidation and causes long-term changes in hippocampal lipid profile. Here authors demonstrate oral treatment with glycerol-triacetate restores lipid fatty acid profile and promotes functional recovery.

Graphitic oxide is readily produced by the oxidation of graphite. Here the authors show that the amount and nature of the oxidant can be used to tune the properties of graphitic oxide, and furthermore report a carbocatalyst for alkene epoxidation without the need for metal or initiators.

Acute depletion of NIPBL reveals a class of chromatin loops that are independent of NIPBL for their maintenance but not their establishment and that NIPBL is necessary for the expression of lineage-defining genes.

The perceived toxicity of organometallic reagents has limited their use in living systems. Now it has been shown that balancing flexible chelation with biocompatible ligands without precluding chemical reactivity enables organonickel-mediated S-arylation inside cells. This reaction enables deep chemical surveys of reactive proteins and covalent tracking of intracellular viral and bacterial pathogens.

Individuals with schizophrenia show reduced structural similarity in temporal, cingulate, and insular lobes, especially those with worse cognition and symptoms, affecting late maturing association areas with low metabolism and high neurotransmission.