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In this phase 3 trial, human immunodeficiency virus-negative Vietnamese adults with tuberculous meningitis were stratified by LTA4H genotype to assess whether this influences corticosteroid response. However, outcomes were not significantly better according to genotype.

This study shows that loss of Ei24 in brown adipocytes disrupts mitochondrial function and leads to hypothermia under cold stress. The findings reveal a UCP1-independent mechanism of thermoregulation with implications for energy metabolism.

Mesinovic et al. use AI foundation models to implement heart disease screening in people living with HIV in Vietnam, relying on low-cost wearable sensors. This approach achieves promising discriminative ability and requires only lightweight local training, potentially enabling affordable screening in resource-limited clinics.

Trees live centuries by slowing growth to protect their DNA. This study shows that faster growth increases the epimutation rate in European beech trees, supporting the idea that slow growth helps maintain genome stability.

The precise role of somatostatin-expressing interneurons in regulating hemodynamics remains unclear. Here, authors find that the activation of these neurons induces astrocytic calcium signaling, which subsequently drives delayed vasodilation and enhances layer-specific fMRI signals in response to prolonged sensory stimulation.

The dynamic production of oxidants inside cells can be quantified by a probe based on a single nanoparticle, offering a tool to monitor and understand how cells regulate their signalling responses.

Hydrogen insertion and extraction in solids is a way to explore materials’ phases and properties. Here authors investigate the stabilisation of oxygen vacancy ordering in strontium iron cobalt oxides epitaxial films and their impact on proton accommodation and electrical resistance modulation.

Biocompatible and stretchy organic field-effect transistors can be created using a vulcanized blend film of semiconducting nanofibres and a medical-grade elastomer.

Geospatial estimates of the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age across 82 low-income and middle-income countries reveals considerable heterogeneity and inequality at national and subnational levels, with few countries on track to meet the WHO Global Nutrition Targets by 2030.

Integrating self-healing capabilities into skin-like stretchable transistors presents a persistent challenge. Here, by using a supramolecular polymer matrix, the authors develop autonomous self-healing transistors and skin-like logic circuits.

As part of a randomized controlled trial in Viet Nam, this study finds that pneumococcal-specific memory B cells (B_mem) are higher following a 1 + 1 compared to a 0 + 1 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) schedule and higher for PCV13 compared to PCV10. B_mem did not wane as rapidly as IgG by 24 months of age.

Granular materials are abundant in nature, but we haven’t fully understood their rheological properties as complex interactions between particles are involved. Here, Vo et al. show that granular flows can be described by a generalized dimensionless number based on stress additivity.

Beta3-adrenergic receptor signaling regulates adipose tissue browning. Here, the authors show that barr2 regulates internalization of beta3-adrenergic receptors and that mice lacking barr2 in adipocytes are protected from diet-induced weight gain and metabolic complications.

Bui et al. conduct a clinical trial evaluating a vaginal-spray Bacillus spore probiotic (LiveSpo X-Secret) as adjunctive therapy for bacterial vaginosis. When combined with standard treatment, it rapidly relieves symptoms within 7 days and alone prevent recurrence over 28 days by reducing Gardnerella vaginalis and improving vaginal microbiota.

Bhattacharjee and Schaeffer et al. map exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in 94 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), finding increased EBF practice and reduced subnational variation across the majority of LMICs from 2000 to 2018. However, only six LMICs will meet WHO’s target of ≥70% EBF by 2030 nationally, and only three will achieve this in all districts.

The identification of biomarkers of response to PARP inhibitors can enable selection of appropriate ovarian cancer patients for treatment. In this study, the authors report clinical results and exploratory biomarker analyses from the ARIEL2 phase 2 clinical trial on the safety and efficacy of the PARP inhibitor rucaparib in patients with recurrent ovarian cancers

Macrophages are critical for granuloma formation, but the cell-intrinsic mechanisms remain unknown. Weichhart and colleagues demonstrate that chronic mTOR activity leads to macrophage-dependent granuloma formation, which may have relevance to sarcoidosis.

The bacterium Helicobacter pylori, often found in the human stomach, can be classified into distinct subpopulations associated with the geographic origin of the host. Here, the authors provide insights into H. pylori population structure by collecting over 1,000 clinical strains from 50 countries and generating and analyzing high-quality bacterial genome sequences.

Long-term infection of the stomach with Helicobacter pylori can cause gastric cancer. Here, Kinoshita-Daitoku et al. show that a small non-coding RNA of H. pylori regulates bacterial adaptation to the stomach environment and bacterial oncoprotein production.

Bipolar resistive switching in memristive devices is crucial for advancing non-volatile memory technologies, yet optimizing performance remains challenging. Here, the authors engineer mixed orthorhombic and hexagonal ErMnO₃ polymorph films, achieving high OFF/ON resistance ratios and reduced operating voltages, with implications for efficient, low-power memory applications.

In an effort by several research groups, a genome-wide RNAi-based screen presents a list of validated genes involved in cilia assembly and maintenance, and reveals previously unidentified ciliopathy factors.

The dissolution of the solid–electrolyte interphase formed during repeated cycling severely deteriorates the performance of sodium-ion batteries. Here the authors develop an electrolyte that effectively suppresses the dissolution and consequently enables a long-cycle and high-voltage sodium-ion battery.

‘Hardy’ Helicobacter pylori ecospecies shares the ancestry of ‘Ubiquitous’ H. pylori from the same region in most of the genome but has nearly fixed single-nucleotide polymorphism differences in 100 genes.

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen which primarily affects people with immune defects including those living with HIV. Here, the authors sequence and analyze genomes of 699 isolates, and identify recent population expansion driven by three phylogenetic groups.

Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. Here, Park et al. analyse the genomes of 249 S. Typhi isolates from 11 sub-Saharan African countries, identifying genes and plasmids associated with antibiotic resistance and showing that multi-drug resistance is highly pervasive in sub-Saharan Africa.

Soeren Lienkamp, Carsten Bergmann, Friedhelm Hildebrandt and colleagues show that mutations in ANKS6 cause nephronophthisis, a recessive cystic kidney disease. They further identify ANKS6 as a component of a protein module that includes INVS (NPHP2), NPHP3 and NEK8 (NPHP9).