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This study reveals that during a series of learning tasks, the macaque brain represents the shared (e.g. the decision strategy) and task-unique information (e.g., sensory inputs) in a near-orthogonal manner, thereby supporting reuse of the shared component to facilitate learning, while remain flexible to changes in specifics.

The existing ENCODE registry of candidate human and mouse cis-regulatory elements is expanded with the addition of new ENCODE data, integrating new functional data as well as new cell and tissue types.

Organic solvent nanofiltration is a promising alternative to existing energy-intensive industrial separation processes but it requires suitable membranes. Here a chemically and mechanically robust conjugated polymer framework membrane is designed for efficient molecular-sieving separations.

Tuning of metal atom coordination in dual atom catalysts remains challenging. Here, axial dual Fe-Co atoms are incorporated into a COF and N-doped graphene, as bifunctional oxygen catalyst. The axial Fe-Co orbital coupling optimizes orbital energy levels enhancing its electrocatalytic performance.

Sequencing analyses of human prefrontal cortex from donors ranging in age from 0.4 to 104 years show that ageing correlates with an accumulation of somatic mutations in short housekeeping genes and a reduction in the expression of these genes.

The authors summarize the data produced by phase III of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project, a resource for better understanding of the human and mouse genomes.

The microscopic mechanism underlying an enhanced superconductivity in electron-doped iron selenide superconductor remains unclear. Here, Pan et al. report the spin excitations of Li_0.8Fe_0.2ODFeSe, revealing analogous momentum structure and dispersion to hole-doped cuprates.

The performance of all-perovskite tandem solar cells remains limited by the insufficient infrared photon absorption in the narrow bandgap subcells. Here, the authors develop a ternary solvent system to suppress tin-rich phases and achieve an efficiency of 29.3% in operationally stable devices.

Graphdiyne membranes with an extended two-dimensional network structure and ordered one-dimensional channels achieve an ultra-high water/NaCl selectivity and superior salt rejection.

Zaman, Yang and Huang et al. demonstrate MDK’s suppressive effect on amyloid-β and its impact on amyloid burden and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease mice, highlighting its protective role in pathogenesis.

In a systematic review and meta-analysis of 90 prospective cohort studies, Wang et al. find a significant association of both social isolation and loneliness with increased risk of all-cause mortality.

Here, the authors performed plasma proteomics and metabolomics analysis and identify the vinculin (VCL) pathway as a key mediator of lung exudation in SARS-CoV-2 infections, particularly associated with Omicron infection. In a mouse model of infection inhibition of VCL leads to reduced lung pathology.

Male mice lacking piRNAs from a conserved locus on chromosome 6 (pi6) produce sperm with defects in capacitation and egg fertilization. pi6 piRNAs repress mRNAs required for sperm function.

This study maps proteomic changes in Alzheimer’s mouse models, identifying shared pathways with humans, amyloid-driven protein turnover, and proteome-transcriptome differences, offering insights into disease mechanisms and potential targets.

The interplay of magnetism, various symmetries and correlations can lead to intriguing physics in the solid state. Here, the authors report signatures of a Hund nodal line in the antiferromagnet YMn₂Ge₂.

The pachytene piRNA loci are transcribed by RNA polymerase II in the male germline of placental mammals. Here the authors show that a long first exon or a long unspliced transcript correlates with germline-specific production of piRNA precursor transcripts and mature piRNAs.

Domestication of crops has boosted food production but increased dependence on fertilizers and pesticides. This study shows that wild rice harbors a higher abundance of nitrogen-fixing genes in the rhizosphere, while domesticated rice has more genes associated with nitrous oxide production.

This overview of the ENCODE project outlines the data accumulated so far, revealing that 80% of the human genome now has at least one biochemical function assigned to it; the newly identified functional elements should aid the interpretation of results of genome-wide association studies, as many correspond to sites of association with human disease.

Whether microRNA processing mediated by Dicer is regulated in a cell-cycle-dependent manner is unknown. Here, Chen et al.show that Cyclin D1, which is important in the control of the cell cycle, regulates the expression of Dicer, and that Cyclin D1 and Dicer expression levels correlate in breast cancer.

An analogue–digital unified compute-in-memory architecture can offer native support for floating-point-based complex regression tasks, providing improved accuracy and energy efficiency compared with pure analogue compute-in-memory systems.

Single-molecule magnets offer potential for high-density data storage, but their low blocking temperatures due to quantum tunneling of magnetization (QTM) remain a challenge. Here, the authors synthesize two dinuclear Er-cyclooctatetraenyl compounds, demonstrating that strong axial dipolar interactions effectively suppress QTM, achieving hard magnetic behavior with open hysteresis loops up to 10 K.

The formation of organelles was a pivotal point in eukaryotic evolution. Here they show that Archaea possess Arf-like GTPases that can perform key organelle-producing mechanisms when expressed in a eukaryotic cell, laying the foundation for the evolution of endomembrane organelles.

Here, Song and Li et al. show that autophagy-related 8 (Atg8) recruits Atg1 to the surface of autophagosomes to coordinate membrane expansion of the autophagy machinery. Artificial tethering of the Atg1 kinase domain to autophagosomal membranes boosts autophagy in multiple species.

By mapping piRNA genes in juvenile and adult human testes, the authors show that although synteny is conserved with other mammals, sequences are diverging rapidly even among modern humans.

The next step after sequencing a genome is to figure out how the cell actually uses it as an instruction manual. A large international consortium has examined 1% of the genome for what part is transcribed, where proteins are bound, what the chromatin structure looks like, and how the sequence compares to that of other organisms.

This study investigates optimal 4D-STEM data acquisition parameters for low-dose electron ptychography, achieving near-atomic-resolution ( ~ 2 Å) reconstruction at electron doses of ~100 e⁻/Ų on highly sensitive metal-organic framework materials.

SRC-mediated reprogramming of energy metabolism towards glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway contributes to cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer.

The detection of microorganism-associated ligands by plant cells activates a signalling cascade in which the kinase BIK1 is monoubiquinated, released from the FLS2–BAK1 complex, and internalized by endocytosis.

The operational conditions used for electron microscopy can limit the insight that can be gained from fragile material samples. It is shown here how high-resolution TEM analysis of delicate MOFs can be achieved.

The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contains a multi-basic cleavage site. Here, the authors show how this multi-basic cleavage site affects entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells and transmission in the hamster model and identify host factors affecting entry of SARS-CoV-2 in a genome-wide CRISPR screen.

Bacterial Rhs proteins with toxic domains are often secreted by type VI secretion systems. Here, the authors show that one of these proteins self-cleaves into three fragments, with the Rhs core and the N-terminal domain facilitating secretion and function of the C-terminal toxic domain.

An effective vaccine for human papillomavirus (HPV) needs to protect from several genotypes. Here, Wang et al. provide a strategy to produce single capsomere-hybrid virus-like particle (chVLP) composed of capsomers of different genotypes and show that a nona-type chVLP induces similar levels of neutralizing antibodies as an approved HPV vaccine.

A genome-wide association study including over 76,000 individuals with schizophrenia and over 243,000 control individuals identifies common variant associations at 287 genomic loci, and further fine-mapping analyses highlight the importance of genes involved in synaptic processes.

Here the authors report the delivery of neurotransmitter-conjugated KCC2 agonist using a reactive oxygen species–responsive polymer nanoparticle that can cross the damaged blood–spinal cord barrier and significantly increase recovery after spinal cord injury in vivo.

Spin excitations are believed by many to play an important role in the emergence of superconductivity in the iron pnictides. Neutron scattering results collected by Wang et al.suggest that strong coupling between itinerant electrons and spin excitations is necessary for superconductivity in these materials.

Understanding the underlying mechanisms for catalytic reduction of CO₂ over Cu based catalysts remains challenging. Here, the authors develop an effective method to reveal the vital roles of H₂O in promoting metal catalysts to CO₂ reduction via a modified triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer.

Splicing dysfunction has been observed in Alzheimer’s disease but it remains unclear whether splicing defects have a causal role. Here the authors generate a mouse model with perturbed U1 snRNP activity, recapitulating RNA splicing defects, neuron hyperexcitability, neurodegeneration and synergy with the amyloid cascade when crossed with 5xFAD mice.

Stomata development in plants is tightly regulated by developmental and environmental cues. Here the authors show that the energy-sensing SnRK1 complex promotes stomatal development by phosphorylating the SPEECHLESS transcription factor thereby connecting energy signalling and stomatal development.

Sun et al. uncover a conserved mechanism by which ribosomes function in defining the position of pachytene piRNA formation on long single-stranded RNAs during spermatogenesis.