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Two impact-melt fragments in Chang’e-6 lunar soils reveal that the Apollo basin was formed at ~4.16 Ga, implying a non-cataclysmic late heavy bombardment on the Moon between 3.8 and 4.0 Ga.

Spin ices are magnetic materials in which excitations equivalent to monopoles can occur. Using high-pressure techniques, Zhouet al. synthesize a new member of the spin ice family, Dy₂Ge₂O₇, in which monopoles exist at higher densities, and can stabilize as dimers.

Here, the authors perform genomic analysis of prehistoric individuals from the Italian Alps, to reveal a genetic shift from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic and genetic continuity from the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age.

Radicals-mediated Fenton chemistry has the potential for biomass valorization. Here, inspired from the natural goethite mineral, the authors develop a MnO₂/goethite catalyst showing excellent yields of glycolic acid and formic acid from dihydroxyacetone, an important biomass-based platform molecule.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.

The nature of the hidden order in URu₂Si₂ is still unknown. Here detailed measurements of the phase diagram of this material produce constraints for theories that aim to describe that phase.

A new form of momentum-selective electron energy-loss spectroscopy enables the element-resolved imaging of frequency- and symmetry-dependent vibrational anisotropies with atomic resolution.

A single-cell multiomic immune cell atlas from 235 Japanese, including patients with COVID-19 and healthy individuals, linked with host genetics including germline and somatic mutation, plasma proteomics and metagenomics data reveals that immune cells are dynamically regulated in a cell state-dependent manner.

Transient senescence induced by DNA damage responses provide a neuroprotective mechanism against iron dysregulation seen during intracerebral haemorrhage, offering mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic avenues.

Long-term stability is a key challenge for ruthenium-based oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts. Here, the authors present a RuO2/LiCoO2 catalyst with dynamic Li dissolution, which weakens the covalency of the Ru-O bond to prevent the lattice oxygen mechanism, thereby ensuring stable acidic OER.

The repair of DNA double strand breaks is strictly controlled during the cell cycle by the CDK kinase. Here the authors identify the DDK kinase as a second major regulator for this cell cycle regulation and elucidate its functional targets.

This study uses remote sensing and meteorological observations to assess the impact of the 2015 drought on rice in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and in the Republic of Korea. The results show how energy shortages, intensified by trade sanctions, reduced irrigation capacity and led to crop yield loss.

Primary angle-closure glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. Here, the authors identify rare deleterious variants in UBOX5 as risk factors and implicate BIP ubiquitination as a potential disease mechanism.

The thalamus provides sensory input to the cortex, but many aspects of thalamocortical signaling remain unknown. Here, the authors reveal parallel non-overlapping thalamic pathways with distinct representations of tactile and decision-related information during a goal-directed sensorimotor task.

Aircraft measurements over the Amazon show that new particle formation in the upper troposphere emerges when isoprene, emitted by forests, undergoes oxidation in the presence of nitrogen oxides produced by lightning.

The presence of DNA lesions is a clear signal that initiates the DNA damage response; however, the mechanisms that attenuate this response when repair has occurred are less clear. Here, deacetylation of Sae2 by Rpd3 and Hda1 is shown to be required for it to act on Mre11. When the role of Sae2 in resection is completed, it is acetylated by Gcn5 and degraded through an autophagic pathway. This work highlights links between DNA damage signalling, acetylation of repair factors, and autophagy mediated degradation of these factors.

Photoelectrochemical etching relies on light-driven carrier migration to catalyze reactions on semiconductor surfaces. Here, the authors show that lateral photon gradients induce anomalous etching of undoped semiconductor materials.

RNA switches hold immense potential to revolutionize synthetic biology applications. Here, the authors reprogrammed a natural Flavin mononucleotide riboswitch to respond to synthetic ligands instead of its native one, allowing them to conditionally turn genes on or off in bacteria and human cells.

Rashan, Bartlett and colleagues show that mammalian 4-hydroxy fatty acids are primarily catabolized by ACAD10 and ACAD11 (atypical mitochondrial and peroxisomal acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, respectively) that use phosphorylation in their reaction mechanisms.

A summary of CAR T-cell engineering approaches, including functional screening methods, gene editing and delivery advances, and optimization of metabolic fitness.

An ultrastrong exciton–polariton coupling in two-dimensional excitonic mithrene with a large refractive index and a large oscillator strength of its primary exciton is reported, enabling the formation of self-hybridized exciton–polaritons with Rabi splitting of >600 meV.

Electro-Fenton treatment holds great promise as an advanced oxidation process for removing emerging organic pollutants, but achieving sustained Fenton reactions remains a challenge. An electroresponsive ferrocene metal–organic framework cathode now enables continuous cycling of the catalytic species for Fenton reactions and achieves efficient water purification.

The industrial viability of alcohol electrooxidation is hindered due to low reaction rates. Here, the authors report a synergistic approach that integrating an active electrode (Ni_0.67V_0.33-layered double hydroxide) and aminoxyl radical to enhance the oxidation of alcohols at high current densities.

Here authors developed a computational method to design complicated all-α structures using typical helix–loop–helix motifs and canonical α-helices, and demonstrated the ability to create complicated all-α proteins.

By using millikelvin scanning tunnelling microscopy to study atomically flat terraces on U-terminated surfaces of the heavy-fermion superconductor URu₂Si₂, the two-dimensional heavy fermions are shown to form quantum-well states on the surface.

The role of the tumour microenvironment in the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic melanoma remains poorly understood. Here, single cell profiling of metastatic melanoma samples identifies associations of the mature dendritic enriched in immunoregulatory molecules subtype with immunotherapy response.

Gas bubbles forming on the surface of an electrode, a phenomenon common to several industrial electrolytic processes, are usually perceived as inert, passivating entities. Here, the authors show that that this general assumption does not hold for gas bubbles masking anodes operating in water.

The functional-metabolic state of macrophages fundamentally influences the tumour microenvironment, making adoptive cell therapy with pro-inflammatory macrophages an attractive anti-tumour approach. Here authors introduce pluripotent stem cell-derived CAR-macrophage that are depleted of ACOD1, an essential gene in itaconate metabolism, which reprograms them to a pro-inflammatory state enabling enhanced anti-tumour function.

Dormant liver stages of Plasmodium vivax complicate malaria elimination efforts by causing relapses that obscure the efficacy of antimalarial treatments. Here, the authors develop a high-throughput amplicon sequencing assay to reconstruct P. vivax lineages, demonstrating its capacity for geospatial infection tracking, and distinguishing recurrent malaria caused by new infections versus untreated dormant liver stages.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

Pseudo-overdominance describes haplotypic combinations of recessive deleterious alleles complement each other and result in enhanced fitness in heterozygotes compared to homozygotes. Here, the authors show the role of pseudo-overdominance in maintaining genetic diversity in populations of cultivated pearl millet.

Magic numbers are associated with the stability of atomic nuclei. Here, the authors analyse the proton radii, binding energies and electric quadrupole transition rates of neutron-rich carbon isotopes at proton number six and use nuclear structure models to support the magic number Z = 6.

Managing power exhaust in fusion reactors is a key challenge, especially in compact designs for cost-effective commercial energy. This study shows how alternative divertor configurations improve exhaust control, enhance stability, absorb transients and enable independent plasma regulation.

A pangenome of the Cannabis genus including 193 genomes demonstrates high variability in most of the genome but low diversity in cannabinoid synthesis genes and provides a resource for future genetic studies and crop optimization.