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Miniaturizing mechanical machines is crucial for advancing nanotechnology. Here, authors present microscopic gear trains and micromachines powered by light-driven metasurfaces, achieving precise sub-micrometer control and sizes down to 10 μm. Their on-chip fabrication enables seamless integration and parallelization, offering new possibilities for micro- and nanoscale systems

Acute lung injury (ALI) carries high mortality with limited treatment. Here, the authors show in mice a brain-lung circuit wherein CRH neurons activation in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) attenuates ALI by limiting neutrophil hyperactivation.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

In this Perspective, members of the Aging Biomarker Consortium outline the X-Age Project, an Aging Biomarker Consortium plan for building standardized aging clocks in China. The authors discuss the project roadmap and its aims of decoding aging heterogeneity, detecting accelerated aging early and evaluating geroprotective interventions.

Neurons in the central amygdala contribute to the reward prediction error responses of dopamine neurons to facilitate reward learning, but are not involved in aversive learning.

In optics, schemes have been proposed to realize synthetic gauge fields, but are restricted to the Abelian type. Here, the authors demonstrate synthetic SU(2) non-Abelian gauge fields in anisotropic media, which allows the study of novel optical phenomena not found in Abelian synthetic gauge field systems.

Temperature-adaptive elastic conductive fibers are crucial for developing electronic textiles, though balancing elasticity, conductivity and adaptivity is challenging. Here the authors design an elastic conductive fiber utilizing thermoplastic polyurethane, silver flakes, and liquid metal microspheres incorporated into wearable electronics.

A photodiode with bio-plausible event sensing, filtering and adaptation behaviours to replicate the retinal nanostructure and visual pathway is presented, enabling consistent and high-performance machine vision under extreme lighting.

Replacing animal feathers and wool with synthetic materials can ameliorate the ethical and environmental issues associated with the production of clothing designed to retain warmth. Here the authors present synthetic nanofibre textiles that combine wearability, comfort, lightness and thermal insulation.

The use of biomarkers of ageing is crucial for investigating age-related processes. This Review discusses biomarkers of ageing and of ageing-associated physiological changes, at the cellular, tissue and organism levels in humans and non-human primates.

The authors observe the signatures of quadrupolar excitons in a WSe₂-WS₂-WSe₂ trilayer moiré superlattice, originating from the hybridization of the WSe₂ valence moiré flatbands. They further use electrostatic gating to reveal a hybridized interlayer Mott insulator state, with holes shared between the two WSe₂ layers but laterally confined in moiré superlattices.

Monitoring the biology of nucleoli remains challenging, particularly in the case of suspended cells and in high-throughput applications. Here, the authors report single-cell laser emitting cytometry, which can profile nucleoli in single cells and tissues in a label-free manner.

In this work, authors design novel protein condensation inhibitors (PCIs) targeting an allosteric site of cGAS, blocking DNA interactions and phase separation to suppress immune activation, and demonstrate therapeutic potential in inflammatory disease models.

Here the authors identify a role of GPAT4 in endocardial and myocardial development through maintaining ER homeostasis. GPAT4 deficiency triggers ER stress, ER-mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of the cGAS-STING-type I IFN response, leading to severe heart malformation.

The neural circuits that transmit cool signals remain not fully understood. Here, authors identify a spinal circuit in mice that transmits cool sensations from the skin to the brain, revealing a dedicated neural pathway for detecting innocuous cool temperatures.

Heterobilayers of transition metal dichalcogenides host moiré superlattices that give rise to strong electron interactions. Here, the authors study the photoluminescence from interlayer excitons in a WS₂/WSe₂ heterobilayer to reveal the onset of various correlated insulating states.

This study reports that the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of pyruvate kinase 6 (PK6), PK7 and PK8 mediates phosphorylation of H3 at threonine 11, represses flowering time, and promotes hypocotyl and pedicel elongation in Arabidopsis.

Control of correlated excitonic states is a key goal of modern optoelectronic physics. Here, the authors demonstrate filling- and field-tunable exciton valley-pseudospin orders in a moiré heterostructure.

Integrative analyses of transcriptome and whole-genome sequencing data for 1,188 tumours across 27 types of cancer are used to provide a comprehensive catalogue of RNA-level alterations in cancer.

Carboazidation of alkenes and alkynes holds the promise to construct valuable, functionalized molecules. Here, the authors report a general and efficient iron-catalyzed carboazidation of both alkenes and alkynes enabled by t-butyl perbenzoate.

Although topological confinement of waves to the edges is common, lower-dimensional wave confinement is scarce. Here, Li et al. demonstrate that concurrent wavevector and real-space topology can lead to a topologically protected zero-dimensional cavity mode in a two-dimensional photonic crystal.

Prime editing systems (PEs) hold great promise though the editing range is limited to downstream sequences of the pegRNA nick. Here, the authors report the extended prime editor system (EXPERT), which overcomes this limitation enabling efficient editing on both sides of the pegRNA nick.

While SNAP25 is critical for neural electrical communication, its cardiac role is unknown. Here the authors show that it governs atrial electrical stability by directing Kv1.5 channel trafficking, with therapeutic implications for atrial fibrillation.

The authors describe a new mechanism of AD pathogenesis in which the histone methylase G9a regulates translation of hippocampal proteins associated with AD pathology. Targeting this mechanism with a brain-penetrant inhibitor of G9a helped rescue brain pathology in AD mouse models.

Achieving propagating topological exciton polaritons at room temperature is challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate room-temperature valley-polarized topological polaritons with valley-dependent propagation in a perovskite lattice formed by two mutually inverted honeycomb lattices with a bearded interface.

In-vitro platforms for personalized cancer diagnosis is required high sensitivity. Here, the authors developed a digital microfluidic system for drug screening using primary tumor cells and established a working protocol for precision medicine.

The results of the Fifth RNA-Puzzles contest highlights advances in RNA three-dimensional structure prediction and uncovers new insights into RNA folding and structure.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

Here the authors described the structure-based design of novel, selective RIPK3 inhibitors that do not induce on-target apoptosis by occupying a unique hydrophobic site and locking RIPK3 into an inactive conformation.

In this study the authors consider the structural variants (SVs) present within cancer cases of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. They report hundreds of genes, including known cancer-associated genes for which the nearby presence of a SV breakpoint is associated with altered expression.

The study reveals how bortezomib activates Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clp protease complexes. Cryo-EM structures reveal how sub-stoichiometric bortezomib binding triggers structural changes, mediates holoenzyme formation and disrupts Clp system regulation.

Eye tracking techniques enable high-efficient, natural, and effortless human-machine interaction. Here, Zhu et al. proposed a contact lens to track eye movement for wireless eye-machine interaction

Solid-state pressure sensors have performance limitations in liquid environments. Here, the authors design a pressure sensor using solid–liquid–liquid–gas multiphasic interfaces where a trapped air layer modulates capacitance changes with pressure to achieve near-friction-free contact line motions for near-ideal pressure sensing.

Microfluidic platforms are an attractive setup for performing clinical tests but integrated liquid mixing and bioseparation is difficult at small scales. Here Xiong et al. propose magnetic nanochains which can stir the solution and capture agents and thus enable liquid analysis in a short amount of time.

scGHOST offers a computational tool to annotate single-cell subcompartments from scHi-C or imaging data through graph representation learning with constrained random walk sampling.

In this phase 3 trial, first-line treatment of patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with anti-PD-1 finotonlimab plus cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil (C5F) prolonged overall survival compared with placebo plus C5F.

Membranes with high permselectivity in high salinity conditions are desirable for efficient energy conversion. Here, the authors address the challenge by modifying the distribution of electrostatic potentials in the linkages of covalent organic framework membranes and apply the material to the conversion of low-grade waste heat into electrical energy.

Ohmic contacts to n-type molybdenum disulfide can be created over a temperature range from millikelvins to 300 K using a window-contacted technique, which leads to evidence for fractional quantum Hall states at filling fractions of 4/5 and 2/5 in the lowest Landau levels of bilayer molybdenum disulfide devices.

Socioeconomic status is multidimensional and can change over time. Xu, Lui, Ji et al. found dimension-specific, late-stage-specific and change-specific socioeconomic effects on brain, cognition, personality and emotion.

Worldwide, the number of only-child families is increasing. This research examines how growing up without siblings affects adult brain structure, function and connectivity, cognition, personality and mental health.

This paper presents a virus-like lipid nanoparticle decorated with spike proteins capable of carrying antigens, including mRNA and proteins, for vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

Viral pathogen load in cancer genomes is estimated through analysis of sequencing data from 2,656 tumors across 35 cancer types using multiple pathogen-detection pipelines, identifying viruses in 382 genomic and 68 transcriptome datasets.