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The effect of solvent annealing treatment on the microdomain orientation of polyacrylonitrile-block-polyethylene glycol (PAN-b-PEG) copolymers has been investigated by atomic force microscopy. Heptane, toluene and thiophene were used as annealing solvent. The size of PEG domains grew gradually by the solvent annealing of heptane, toluene and thiophene in sequence. The different size of PEG domains by solvent annealing treatment was caused by the different affinity of the solvent to PEG segments. Thiophene exhibited the strongest affinity to PEG segment among the used annealing solvent.

Integrative analyses of transcriptome and whole-genome sequencing data for 1,188 tumours across 27 types of cancer are used to provide a comprehensive catalogue of RNA-level alterations in cancer.

It is challenging to purify and prepare large amount of methacrylated proteins from cells. Here, the authors develop genetic code expansion technology to site-specifically incorporate ε-N-Methacryllysine into proteins and identify the post-translational modification ε-N-methyl-ε-N-methacrylation.

Lampreys are jawless vertebrates that can offer unique insights into vertebrate evolution. Here they generate a comprehensive cell atlas of the lamprey, uncovering 70 distinct cell types across 14 tissues, and identify pancreas-like cells in the lamprey small intestine.

In this study, Wang, Xu et al. investigate the interaction of neutrophils and T cells in lymphoid tissues away from the tumour area, and how metabolic competition between these immune cell populations impairs anti-tumour immunity in the context of breast cancer.

Sequencing the genome and microbiome of about 1,500 tick samples from regions across China revealed host–microbe associations in ticks that could have implications for controlling ticks and tick-borne diseases.

The combination of photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy is emerging as a promising treatment for glioblastoma (GBM). Here this group encapsulates Fe3O4@BiFeO3 into bacterial outer membrane vesicles and M1 macrophage-derived exosomes hybrid membrane for synergistic photo-immunotherapy of GBM.

Pumpkin rootstock delivers CmoKARI1 mRNA to cucumber scion under chilling stress, enhancing tolerance by activating JA-Ile signaling. This mobile mRNA acts as a key chilling-responsive signal, redefining the understanding of rootstock–scion communication.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare aggressive skin cancer with limited therapeutic options. In this work, the authors identify aurora kinase B (AURKB) as a critical therapeutic target for MCC, supported by tumour shrinkage and increased survival when using the AURKB inhibitor AZD2811 nanoparticle formulation in MCC preclinical models.

The potential roles of post-translational modification of bacterial proteins in pathogenesis are not well understood. Here, Wang et al. show that posttranslational lactylation of proteins, in particular alpha-toxin, is important for virulence of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus.

Uterine fluid supports early embryo development. This study reveals maternal high-fat diet alters tsRNA/rsRNA profiles in uterine fluid, leading to abnormal embryonic metabolism and offspring disorders, demonstrating a novel mode of RNA-mediated communication.

Here, Ying Li et al. present the results of a randomized controlled feeding trial in prediabetes participants, finding that advancing timing of unsaturated fat (USFA) intake improves insulin sensitivity through the gut microbiome and bile acid metabolism, regardless of USFA type.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

In this study the authors consider the structural variants (SVs) present within cancer cases of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. They report hundreds of genes, including known cancer-associated genes for which the nearby presence of a SV breakpoint is associated with altered expression.

Here the authors identify hundreds of genetic loci linked to 36 traits in East Asians, revealing population-specific associations and emphasizing the importance of diverse ancestry groups in genome-wide association studies.

In this multicenter phase 1 trial, patients with advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer were safely treated with the CLDN18.2-targeting antibody–drug conjugate SHR-A1904, leading to encouraging objective response rates.

In the IMpower151 trial, the drug combination previously shown to be effective in the IMpower150 trial was not significantly effective in a Chinese population.

Low body mass index (BMI) is associated with increased brain metastasis risk in lung cancer patients. Here, the authors report that low-BMI increases neuronal secretion of neuropeptide Y (NPY), thereby activating the NPY receptor on lung tumor cells, leading to tumor metabolic reprogramming and brain metastasis.

Patients with gastric cancer often present with poor performance status, limiting both quality of life but also treatment options as they are often excluded from clinical trials. Here, the authors report a phase II trial investigating anlotinib (multi-TKI) plus toripalimab (anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody) in treatment-naïve advanced gastric cancer patients with performance status 2.

A mutant-selective AKT inhibitor shows potential as a targeted therapy for breast cancer, enabling enhanced target engagement and avoiding the dose-limiting toxicity associated with pan-AKT inhibitors.

How the neighboring cells contribute to the survival and functions of neuronal cells remains elusive. Here, authors identified the cell-cell interactions between retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other cells after RGC injury and discovered the μ-opioid receptor promotes RGC resilience.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

Lu and colleagues show that signaling through the lactate receptor HCAR1 in colorectal tumor cells promotes the recruitment of immunosuppressive CCR2⁺ PMN-MDSCs and that inhibition of HCAR1 by reserpine augments the CD8⁺ T cell-mediated antitumor immune response.

Shi and colleagues present a spatial microfluidic holographic integrated platform for label-free, high-dimensional analysis of cancer heterogeneity, achieving very high accuracy in classifying cancer types, breast cancer subtypes, and blood cells.

Lysine benzoylation (Kbz) is a recently discovered histone modification. Here, the authors characterize writers, erasers and readers of histone Kbz in S. cerevisiae and identify non-histone proteins bearing Kbz, laying foundations to dissect the roles of Kbz in diverse cellular processes.

Atomically dispersed surficial iron in silver-doped zinc selenide quantum dots with an in situ self-assembly peptide act as efficient catalysts in anti-cancer multitherapy through controlled, ultrasound-induced oxidation.

Epstein-Barr virus is associated with increased cancer risk. Here, the authors analysed two population-based prospective cohorts in Southern China to examine the association between increased seropositivity and the risk of multiple cancer types.

With the generation of large pan-cancer whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing projects, a question remains about how comparable these datasets are. Here, using The Cancer Genome Atlas samples analysed as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project, the authors explore the concordance of mutations called by whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing techniques.

Zhou et al. show that palmitoylation of GPX4 via ZDHHC8 sustains ferroptosis resistance in melanoma and other cancer cells and propose targeting ZDHHC8 with a small molecule to boost CD8⁺ T cell-induced ferroptosis, thereby improving immunotherapy.

The acetyltransferase cysE is involved in mitigating oxidative stress, which modulates the virulence and drug resistance of M. tuberculosis.

The genomic epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii, which is rising in virulence and multidrug resistance, was explored. This study examined bloodstream infection isolates from Chinese patients in 2011–2021, revealing increased genetic diversity and dominance of highly virulent ST208.

As a major source of reactive oxygen species, mitochondria face a challenge to maintain their redox state. Here the authors show that ROMO1 overexpression prevents deleterious oxidation of the mitochondrial cysteinome and exerts beneficial effects on mitochondrial function.

Tao et al. study the role of TRMT6 in colorectal cancer, where it is upregulated and show that TRMT6 supports histone biosynthesis by stabilizing tRNA-Lys-TTT-1-1. Targeting TRMT6 reduced histone mRNA translation in a codon-biased manner.

Multi-ancestry genome-wide analyses identify 95 loci associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and implicate candidate genes, pathways and neurobiological systems underlying its pathophysiology.

A novel personalized phage therapy strategy that selects phages for a predicted evolutionary trade-off may represent a viable alternative approach for the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections.

Li et al. show that the epithelial–mesenchymal-transition transcription factor Snail induces claudin-11 expression and suppresses RhoA activity, thereby promoting collective migration and tumour progression in head and neck cancer.

Study shows PTSD predisposition shares distinct genes and genomic regions with several cardiovascular conditions. Here the findings reveal neuronal, immune, and metabolic pathways, and repurposed drug targets that further the understanding of the comorbidity.

Understanding deregulation of biological pathways in cancer can provide insight into disease etiology and potential therapies. Here, as part of the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, the authors present pathway and network analysis of 2583 whole cancer genomes from 27 tumour types.

In somatic cells the mechanisms maintaining the chromosome ends are normally inactivated; however, cancer cells can re-activate these pathways to support continuous growth. Here, the authors characterize the telomeric landscapes across tumour types and identify genomic alterations associated with different telomere maintenance mechanisms.

The authors present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variants from whole-genome sequencing data.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

Cancers evolve as they progress under differing selective pressures. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, the authors present the method TrackSig the estimates evolutionary trajectories of somatic mutational processes from single bulk tumour data.