Table 2 Types of carbohydrate metabolomic signature and risks of T2D in the NHS-, NHSII- and HPFS-pooled cohort (n = 11,454)

From: Metabolomic signatures of dietary carbohydrates and differential association with type 2 diabetes

 

Quintiles

P for trend

Per s.d. increment

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

HR (95% CI)

P

Total carbohydrate

Model 1

1 (Reference)

1.21 (1.03–1.41)

1.24 (1.06–1.45)

1.21 (1.04–1.42)

1.39 (1.19–1.62)

<0.001

1.11 (1.06–1.17)

<0.001

Model 2

1 (Reference)

1.11 (0.94–1.30)

1.11 (0.95–1.30)

1.05 (0.90–1.23)

1.17 (1.00–1.37)

0.121

1.07 (1.02–1.12)

0.011

Added sugar

Model 1

1 (Reference)

1.35 (1.14–1.60)

1.56 (1.32–1.83)

1.62 (1.38–1.90)

1.70 (1.45–2.00)

<0.001

1.18 (1.13–1.24)

<0.001

Model 2

1 (Reference)

1.24 (1.05–1.47)

1.38 (1.17–1.63)

1.35 (1.15–1.59)

1.37 (1.16–1.61)

<0.001

1.09 (1.03–1.14)

0.001

Whole grain

Model 1

1 (Reference)

0.72 (0.63–0.82)

0.56 (0.48–0.64)

0.50 (0.43–0.58)

0.38 (0.33–0.45)

<0.001

0.71 (0.67–0.74)

<0.001

Model 2

1 (Reference)

0.73 (0.64–0.83)

0.60 (0.52–0.69)

0.54 (0.47–0.63)

0.42 (0.36–0.49)

<0.001

0.73 (0.70–0.77)

<0.001

Refined grain

Model 1

1 (Reference)

1.10 (0.94–1.29)

1.07 (0.91–1.25)

1.21 (1.03–1.41)

1.42 (1.22–1.64)

<0.001

1.11 (1.06–1.17)

<0.001

Model 2

1 (Reference)

1.05 (0.90–1.23)

1.01 (0.86–1.18)

1.09 (0.94–1.28)

1.27 (1.10–1.48)

0.001

1.12 (1.07–1.18)

<0.001

Fruit

Model 1

1 (Reference)

1.04 (0.90–1.20)

0.90 (0.78–1.05)

0.88 (0.76–1.02)

0.83 (0.71–0.97)

0.003

0.94 (0.89–0.98)

0.007

Model 2

1 (Reference)

1.05 (0.91–1.21)

0.94 (0.81–1.09)

0.88 (0.76–1.03)

0.82 (0.71–0.96)

0.003

0.95 (0.90–0.99)

0.027

Vegetable

Model 1

1 (Reference)

0.99 (0.87–1.14)

0.85 (0.73–0.98)

0.74 (0.64–0.85)

0.51 (0.44–0.60)

<0.001

0.79 (0.75–0.83)

<0.001

Model 2

1 (Reference)

1.09 (0.95–1.25)

0.97 (0.84–1.12)

0.88 (0.76–1.03)

0.67 (0.57–0.79)

<0.001

0.88 (0.83–0.92)

<0.001

Potato

Model 1

1 (Reference)

1.29 (1.08–1.55)

1.94 (1.63–2.30)

2.39 (2.02–2.82)

2.45 (2.07–2.89)

<0.001

1.36 (1.30–1.42)

<0.001

Model 2

1 (Reference)

1.19 (0.99–1.44)

1.73 (1.46–2.06)

2.08 (1.75–2.45)

2.08 (1.76–2.46)

<0.001

1.36 (1.29–1.43)

<0.001

Legume

Model 1

1 (Reference)

1.15 (0.99–1.33)

1.07 (0.93–1.24)

0.97 (0.84–1.13)

0.82 (0.70–0.96)

0.001

0.91 (0.86–0.95)

<0.001

Model 2

1 (Reference)

1.18 (1.02–1.37)

1.12 (0.96–1.30)

1.01 (0.87–1.17)

0.87 (0.74–1.02)

0.019

0.93 (0.88–0.97)

0.002

  1. HR and 95% CI of T2D risk per 1 s.d. increment in the metabolomic indices. Model 1 was adjusted by study cohorts and age at blood draw. Model 2 was further adjusted for ancestry, fasting status, family history of diabetes, smoking status, alcohol drinking, BMI at early adulthood, physical activity, hypertension, high cholesterol, total calories intake and AHEI. Total carbohydrate was further adjusted for per cent of calories from protein.
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