Fig. 2: Microplastics and nanoplastics in the intestine.

Microplastics and nanoplastics have at least three possible routes from the intestinal lumen to the lamina propria: (1) endocytosis by enterocytes; (2) between tight junctions; and (3) through M cells. After this, they are probably phagocytosed by dendritic cells and macrophages.